Talent Management Practice Analysis of Lan Airlines Company Research Paper

Talent Management Practice Analysis of Lan Airlines Company - Research Paper Example Being a highly successful company in Latin America, the company has been known for its ideal business integrated model. Almost 86 years in the aviation industry has allowed the organization to accomplish its desired goals and objectives but still the organization is working towards the accomplishment of its challenging vision (i.e. to be recognized as one of the top 10 airlines in the world) (LAN Airlines. (2013). The utmost attention given to efficiency and performance has resulted in ‘0’ (zero) flight accidents since 1991. The key success factors of LAN include the timely care and professional development of the workforce. This has allowed the organization to perform effectively while providing the employees with several opportunities for development through professional training sessions (LAN Airlines, 2012b). The talent management system at LAN has played a crucial role in the success of the company over the past few decades. Through the talent management system, the organization has continually been provided with opportunities to convert LAN into a highly successful and high performance company in the aviation industry. In addition, the corporate training and development sessions at LAN are considered to be an investment through which it strengthens its workforce to become fundamental pillars of LAN Airlines. As a result of such extensive training sessions, LAN has always been equipped with quality staff (i.e. staff with skills and competencies to overcome internal and external issues effectively). BACKGROUND OF THE INTERVIEWEE Mr. Johnson works as a HR Executive at LAN Airlines and has been with the organization for the past 3 years. He is responsible for... This research paper discusses the talent management of the LAN Airlines company, that could be defined as a systematic process through which an organization ensures quantity as well as quality of people that could help it to achieve the desired business objectives effectively. Through this process, the organization is provided with an opportunity to identify the gaps between the talent available at the organization and the required talent for the profitable achievement of organizational objectives to drive business success. Moreover, organizations have become aware the talent management not just helps in the management of employees but also plays a crucial role in the creation of organizational value. The aim of this research paper is to evaluate the talent management practices taken into consideration at LAN Airlines for the accomplishment of desired goals and objectives. In addition, the practices through which LAN Airlines enhance it values through the talent management practices. For the achievement of the challenging vision of LAN Airlines in a highly competitive industry, the organization has shifted its focus towards the achievement of overall success and increased performance through talent management system. Talent management as well as succession planning has always been the strength of LAN Airlines and has provided the organization with inevitable success over other competitors in the market and with several opportunities to enhance the capabilities and abilities of its workforce.

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on the Performance of a Side Channel Pump: A review Appiah Desmond, Zhang Fan, Yuan Shouqi and Osman Majeed Koranteng National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Abstract The side channel pump is a type of regenerative pump which plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. This kind of pump delivers a high head at relatively small flows compared with other axial and centrifugal pumps even though it requires a low specific speed. This paper firstly focuses on the physical principle behind the flow characteristics illustrating the complex flow inside the side channel pump. Further discussions disclosed that, the hydraulic performance of the pump greatly depends on the variations of the geometrical parameters. This review draws conclusion that, enhancement of the computational modeling techniques will improve the efficiency of this pump thereby broadening its applications. Keywords: Side Channel Pump, Hydraulic Performance, head, geometrical parameters, computational modeling 1.0 Introduction The side channel pump since its inception in 1920 by Siemen and Hinsch [1] has had great influence in the world of engineering. This pump plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. The side channel pump is a kind of regenerative pump which has a low specific speed and requires minimal Net Suction Pump Head (NSPH). Due to its unique properties to self-prime and transports both liquids and gas, it has been used mainly in the fields of oil and gas industry, mining and other applicable fields. Most of these pumps have the ability to handle liquid with gas or vapor inclusions up to about 50% and also other media close to their boiling point [2]. The side channel pumps base its operation on the momentum transfer principle moving from the impeller blade to the fluid in the side channel of the pump [3, 4]. The side channel pump delivers a large head performance at relatively small flows [5]. The fluid gets into the pump and leaves after numerous impeller movements. The fluid velocity and its head increase causing it to have the capability to produce a head (pressure) compared to the axial and centrifugal pumps. Due to the smaller pressure difference, a fluid entering this type of pump closer to its vapor pressure is less susceptible to the pressure change that can bring about cavitation[4]. Over the years, the enhancement of the total efficiency of this pump still remains a challenge to engineers and scientist. The flow rate of fluid in the side channel pump is significantly influenced by the impeller designs on this basis urgent attention needs to be given to the design and optimization of the impeller and side channel [5, 6]. 2.0 Flow Mechanism The side channel pump mainly features a side channel in figure 1a. and an impeller usually with 18 to 26 blades figure 1b, which delivers the fluid circumferentially. The assembly of the side channel and the impeller is shown in figure 1c. The fluid flows in a straight line from the inlet of the pump and leaves through the outlet in a helical form after numerous re-entries into the rotating impeller. This effect causes an upturn in the pump head (pressure) from about 5~10 times better than the impeller of a common pump rotating at the same speed [5, 6]. side channel (b) radial impeller The assembly of side channel and impeller Figure 1: Typical side channel with radial impeller This makes the flow of fluids in this kind of pump very complex as depicted in figure 2. The pump does not transport the same volume of fluid that enters out meanwhile some portion of the fluid moves back into interrupter gap and is conveyed by the pressure side of the blade to the suction side [6]. Shirinov and Oberbeck [3] explained the movement of gas in the side channel pump. They pointed out that the momentum acquired by the blades of the impeller is transferred to the gas. The velocity of the gas is then increased both in the axial and radial direction by the impeller blades in the side channel. Figure 2. Flow pattern of liquids in the Side Channel Pump [5] The turbulence and the circulation models are largely used to describe the performance of the pump and also the characteristic curve computation. The side channel pump efficiency is usually below 40% because it is a type of a regenerative pump [5, 6]. Basically, the flow is very dependent on the orientation of the impeller, impeller blade and the side channel. There are many configurations of the impeller blade and shapes of the channel as depicted in figure 3 by Song et al. [7]. Figure 3: Different kinds of blade and channel shapes [7] A study by Senoo [8] on the influence of the developing area for different geometries of the inlet region of the regenerative pump observed the large channel region at the inlet port as capable of developing high pressure head leading to a better cavitation performance of the pump. Song et al. [7] developed a model for the flow theory in the regenerative pump to help address the lapses in the works of Senoo[8] and Wilson et al. [9] which mainly concentrated on the exchange of momentum of the flow. There were inaccuracies of some of the models suggested by [8, 9] to reduce the losses and slip factor links. This made the accurate prediction of the off-design flow conditions very incapable. Song and his colleagues [7] concentrated on introducing vibrant mathematical algorithms demonstrating the true behavior of the flow in the developing area of the inlet region. They based their research on assumptions which guided them in arriving at some meaningful conclusions. The velocity triangle relation between absolute velocity, V relative velocity, W and the impeller velocity, U was defined based on the velocity triangle in figure 4 at blade inlet, R1 and blade outlet, R2. Figure 4: Velocity triangle at locations R1 and R2 [7] From figure 5, there is no tangential velocity in the front and rear faces of the blade region. Thereby, the continuity was defined in equation 1 based on their first assumption that the flow should be steady and incompressible. (1) Figure 5: Elements of one side channel and blade [7] They developed the first-order nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for predicting the circulatory velocity which showed a good agreement when its results were compared with that of experimental results. A new branch of fluid mechanics developed in the last decades called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed lately in the modern engineering science to analyze the flow of fluids in turbo machines. The study of the fluid flow in the side channel pump using the CFD tool and an analytical method was the centered of BÓ §hle and Mullers [10] research. They developed an analytical model for the flow taking into consideration some assumptions. A momentum balance was expressed for the control volume of the flow in a circumferential course. (2) Where Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course Csc = uniform velocity in the side channel à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ exch = mass exchange flow p = static pressure A =Side channel cross-section area A1 = surface control volume à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = mean shear stress Figure 6: momentum balance [7] The efficiency of the impeller and side channel was defined as (3) Where ÃŽÂ ·imp = impeller efficiency Pexch = Exchange work Power Pshaft = Power of shaft Phydr = Hydraulic power losses (4) Where ÃŽÂ ·sc= side channel efficiency Peff = effective power à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  = side channel pump mass flow g = acceleration due to gravity H = head of side channel pump Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course = flow rate volume A =Side channel cross-section area Based on the efficiencies of the impeller and the side channel, the efficiency of the side channel pump, ÃŽÂ · was computed to be (5) Later, Kristof and his colleagues [11] also applied the CFD to model the flow course in the side channel pump as displayed in figure 6. A technique was modeled to optimize the orientation of the blade and the shape of the side channel to control the flow losses. They carried out simulations with the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° turbulent conditions based on a 40100 cell tetrahedral mesh. Figure 6(a) and (b): Typical flow course with the side channel pump [11] In 2005, Engeda and Raheel [12] presented mathematical tools capable of examining the complex flow inside the regenerative pumps. These mathematical tools were used also used to develop the prediction performance code for regenerative pumps 3.0 Effects of the Geometrical design of the parameters of the Side Channel Pump The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Iverson [13] with his focus on the shear stress generated by the impeller on the fluids. He then confirmed on his resulting expressions (two shear coefficients and an average impeller velocity) through experimentations. A mathematical tool was proposed by Wilson et al. [9] to investigate the performance of regenerative pumps which used radial blades. Equal pressure head rise and circulatory velocity through the channel region was anticipated by Wilson and his team. Much attention was given to the spiral flow to achieve many ways of curtailing the losses. Their results provided experimental verification after comparing the numerical and experimental performance curves. Yoo et al. [14] also tried to develop advanced mathematical equations to calculate the geometry of the rotating flows. They offered enhanced models to examine the flow rate, the average radii of the inlet and outlet impeller and the slip factor based on the exchan ge of momentum proposal by Wilson et al [9]. The models required an experimental boost to evaluate an empirical number in the proposed experimental model. The effect of the blade angle was not considered thus limiting the applicability as a design tool. The variation of the radial blade numbers, the clearance and the channel region of regenerative pumps were conducted by Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15]. Investigations conducted by varying the dimension of flow channels, impellers and clearances on a regenerative pump concluded that, the characteristic dimension of the flow channel is related to the clearances effects, which in turn influences the pump efficiency. The characteristic dimension of the flow channel was introduced as a special dimension which was given as: (6) Where Rmis the characteristic dimension of flow A is the cross-sectional area of the flow channel is the circumferential length of the blade(vane) Figure 7: Flow channel and blade profile They reported that a suitable Rm would yield a high efficiency of the pump. Therefore, the value of the Rm determines the permissible clearance. The pump efficiency was also strongly influenced by the number of blades (vanes) which is dependent on the characteristic dimension of the flow channel, the thickness and length of the blade and the width ratio as shown in figure 7. It was established that the efficiency of the pump varies with different width ratios of the vane groove which aids in the determination of the blade number. Width ratio,(7) Defining Z = Number of blades D = Diameter of impeller t1 = Peripheral width of blade groove t2 = Peripheral length of blade groove Additionally, Yamazak et al. [16] also carried out works to investigate the efficiency of the regenerative pump. Unlike Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15], they used the non-radial blades and concluded that the blade angle and the cross-sectional area of the flow channel play a vital role in the determination of the head (pressure) loss in the flow channel. Άh = Hs Hmin(8) Where Άh = the magnitude of head loss Hs = the suction head Hmin = the minimum pressure head in flow It was noted that the magnitude of Άh reduces to almost half that of water with the same velocity in the event of high viscous liquid. Motivated especially by the observations made by [15, 16], Grabow [17] also took into consideration the effects of the impeller, the number of blades and the role of the radii and thickness of the blades during his research study. The blade angles were varied to define a very satisfactory exchange of energy and pressure head levels, which in effect helps to evaluate cavitation performance better. Bartolini and Romani [18] also affirm that, the flow rate of the regenerative pumps depends on the optimization of the impeller flow. A new theory was proposed by Badami [19] on the calculation of the circulation flow rate of the regenerative pumps. This model took into account the field of the centrifugal force in both the side channel and the blade orientation. Also, his work also considered the influences of the geometry of the blades (number and angles) and the area of the side channel. Earlier it had been discussed by Sachs and Shirinov [20] that the best number of blades depends directly on the diameter of the impeller and inversely proportional to the side channels size. After that work, Shirinov and Oberbeck[3] then focused their investigations on the transportation of gas in the side channel pump by using different blade profiles. They compared C, V, and Y blade profiles with the radial (T) blade profile as shown in figure 8. Figure 8: Impeller with different blade profiles After comprehensive comparisons, it was established that blade profile C gave an optimal performance at pressures exceeding 20kPa meanwhile at pressures from 100Pa to 20kPa, the impeller with blade profile V (Chevron) recorded an optimal performance because there was a high transfer of momentum from the impeller to the gas inside the side channel within such pressure range. An extensive experimental research was also conducted by Choi et al. [21].Their work was mainly focused on the limitations of [14, 15, 17]. They examined the effects of the geometry on the blade on the efficiency of regenerative pumps. Ten different configurations of blades which comprised straight inclined blades with angles of 0 °,  ±15 °,  ±30 ° and  ±45 ° and chevron impeller blade with chevron angles of 15 °, 30 °, and 45 ° were used in conducting the experiments. The measured performance of the pump were measured based on the dimensionless flow à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, head coefficient, à Ã‹â€ , efficiency, ÃŽÂ · and power coefficient, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾. (9) Where Q = volumetric flow rate Qs= rigid-body rotational volume displacement rate (10) H = head Ug = rigid body rotation velocity g = acceleration due to gravity (11) The experimental results showed that the pressure head and the pump efficiency is greatly related to the geometry (shape and angle) of the blade as revealed in figure 9(a) and 9(b). Figure 9(a). Pump curve characteristics for the different blade orientation [21] Figure 9(b). Efficiency curve characteristics for the blade orientations [21] The chevron blade(V-shaped) with chevron angle of 30 ° recorded the highest head performance with a better pump efficiency as revealed in figure 8(a) and 8(b) after a comparative test of all the ten blades showing that there was an optimum chevron angle of around 30 °. This report showed good agreement with the work of [3] because of the high energy transfer at high pressures. The variation of the Reynolds number plays an important role in the performance of the regenerative pump computationally and experimentally. It was established by Horiguchi et al. [22] that, as the Reynolds number declines the pressure head of the regenerative pump rises at low flow rate and reduces at high flow rate. This effect of the Reynolds number is greatly affected by the degree of the shear force applied the impeller and the shear stress exerted by the fluid on the casing wall. Meakhail and Park [23] with the help of the CFD put forward an improved model to enhance the efficiency of the re generative pump. They based their arguments on the experimental works conducted by Meakhail et al. [24], Abdou et al. [25] and Abd El-Messih et al. [26] on the same kind of pump. They then confirmed their numerical model with the experimental results which were in good correlation. Figure 10a: Spiral flow course [23] Figure 10b: Impeller and Side channel dimensions [23] The improved model considered the tip (ÃŽÂ ²2), side (ÃŽÂ ²2s) and inlet (ÃŽÂ ²1) angles since a part of the fluid flowing leaves at the tip of the impeller and the other part of the fluid leaves at the side as indicated in figure 10. The CFX software was used to compare the efficiency of the pump with radial blades of different ÃŽÂ ²2s at the tip of the blade and ÃŽÂ ²1 for the same ÃŽÂ ²2. They confirmed that the side-blade angle has a significant effect on the performance of the side channel pump. The FLUENT software was applied in the examination of the flow of the fluid in this kind of pump by [27, 28]. The experimental results corroborated the CFD analysis. They also used a one-dimensional method to describe the energy transfer inside the regenerative pump and estimate the influence of the geometry of the blade on the efficiency of the pump. The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Karanth et al. [29] numerically with the help of CFD. They studied the complex nature of the flow of fluid inside the regenerative pump. It was discussed that the number of impeller blades had a great significant on the performance of the pump. The head performance of the pump appreciates with the increase in the number of blades. Following the works of [29] the CFD was also applied by Maity et al. [30] to simulate the flow of fluids in regenerative pumps. It was established from their work that the pressure head loss can be minimized by curving the outlet flow domain as indicated in figure 11. Figure 11: Regenerative Pump model displaying the curvature in the outlet domain [30] It was indicated that there is a high rotating stalling flow at the outlet of the pump because of the reduction of the area. This effect enhances the static and total pressure across the pump. Hence, the curvature in turn increases the net pressure head by reducing the vortex flow as in shown in figure 12. Figure 12: Bar diagram showing the total pressure for the Pump model with outlet domain curvature [30] They also ended that, the net pressure is significantly enhanced by locating the blades on either side of the impeller by offsetting. Moreover, the net pressure is also affected by varying the number of blades on either side of the impeller. Fleder [31] numerically and experimentally examined the effects of the geometry of the blade on industrial side channel pumps in 2012. Two different impeller blade profiles were developed using ANSYS CFX 13.0 and subjected to investigations as shown in figures 13 and 14. Figure 13: Design of the Side Channel Pump [31]Figure 14: Impeller Blade Profiles [31] He concluded his work after comparison of the computational and experimental results. The experimental validation was done with a rotational speed of 750 rpm. The Imp 1 depicted good accordance both numerically and experimentally. Meanwhile, Imp 2 recorded a faster head rise because of the higher circulation frequency. This, in turn produces a greater multi-stage influence as depicted in figure 15. Figure 15: Assessment of the pressure head performance of the simulated and experimental results for Imp 1 and Imp 2[31] In addition, Fleder again with Bohle [32] carried out advanced studies to improve the performance of the side channel pump. In this paper, they extended their scope not only to cover the blade profile. The impeller diameter, the size of the gap, interrupter size, side channel height and the shape of the side channel were the main parameters considered. Variation of the height of the side channel, h, the width of the blade, w and the length of the blade, l, were applied to two different pump models in figure 15. Pump Model A Pump Model A Impeller Diameter = 150 mm Impeller Diameter = 160 mm Gap Size s, = 0.2 mmGap Size s, = 0.4 mm Interrupter size = 300Interrupter size = 460 Side Channel height, h = 35 mmSide Channel height, h = 40 mm Shape of Side Channel = semi-circleShape of Side Channel = Straight Figure 16: Variations in the pump models A and B [32] Figure 17: Parameters of the Side Channel Pump [32] The ICEM software was applied to develop the computational models which were meshed using the structured hexahedral multi-blocks grids. They chose k-w-SST profile to assess the flow fluctuations. It was gathered that the efficiency of the pump is dependent on the ratio of the side channel height, h to the blade length, l. Furthermore, sharper pressure head features and meaningfully greater efficiencies are achieved with a gap reduction of the pump. The work done by [21, 31, 32] on the influence of the blade angle motivated Nejadrajabali et al.[4] in 2016 also to analyze the pattern of the flow and the improvement of the efficiency of the pump by modifying the geometry of the blades. Their focus was on the effect of the variations of the angle of the blade, ÃŽÂ ² numerically on the efficiency of the regenerative pump such as the side channel pump. The investigations were carried out using two sets of impellers i.e. (the symmetric blade angles and asymmetric blades angles). The symmetric blade angles were designed with the same inlet and outlet angles of  ±10o,  ±30o and  ±50o whiles the asymmetric blade angles were also designed with the inlet set to 0o and different outlet angles ranging from  ±10o to  ±50o as illustrated in figure 18. Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±50o Symmetric blades with equal inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 and outlet ÃŽÂ ²2 angles Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±50o Asymmetric blades with inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 = 0o Figure 18: Geometrical designs of impellers [4] These geometrical designs were well enhanced with the application of the CFX software using the Reynolds decomposition to evaluate the complete 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. It was pointed out after the numerical simulations that, the forward symmetric blade angles compared with the other models recorded higher coefficients of heads and displayed a better performance. Recently, Zhang together with his colleagues [33] improved the head pressure performance of the side channel pump by varying the suction side blade angles from 00 to 300 as indicated in figures 19 and 20. Figure 19: Cross-sectional area of the blade [33] Figure 20: The impeller with various suction side blade profile angles indicating ÃŽÂ ¸ = 100, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 200 and ÃŽÂ ¸ = 300 [33] The CFX 14.5 commercial software was used to simulate the turbulence based on the k-w SST model. After experimentally comparing the results with the numerical simulations, it was recognized that the head performance appreciates with increasing suction side blade angles within a certain range. Even though the impeller blade profile with suction angle 300 recorded the optimal head performance, there was no significant advancement in the efficiency of the side channel pump. The regenerative pump (side channel pump) records efficiencies lesser than other types of pumps like the axial and centrifugal pumps. BÓ §hle et al. [34] lately attempted to improve the efficiency of the side channel pump by using the direct method in the context of the CFD simulations to calculate the massive losses which are associated with the various kinds of internal flow patterns of the fluid. The second law of thermodynamics was main physical principle applied in the estimation of the internal losses due to the flow patterns. According to Spurk and Aksels [35] proposal expressed in equation 10, the specific entropy s is a state variable agreeing with the second law of thermodynamics appreciates in all real and irreversible mechanical process in the case of turbomachinery. (12) Where = density of the fluid s = specific entropy u = velocity component in x direction v = velocity component in y direction w = velocity component in z direction x = x coordinate y = y coordinate z = z coordinate = heat flux density vector = Dissipation = local dissipation by heat transfer After the applications of three different models ( i.e. k-à Ã‚ µ model, k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model and the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° -SST model) to calculate and locate the coefficient of the losses, they remarked that the k-à Ã‚ µ model and k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model predicts estimates regions of higher coefficient of losses matched to the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ °-SST model. 4.0 Conclusion Though there have been several investigations into the theory of the flow principle of the fluid and variation of the geometry of the impeller and side channel, t

Paper on Light vs Darkness In A Tale of Two Cities Essay

Often times in literature the comparison between light and darkness is made. In Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, the author contrasts the two elements throughout the novel. Light and darkness are in constant battle with each other, they also dominate the setting and tone of the story. From the opening lines the reader has a since of struggle between light and darkness, â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness.† The story then progresses and introduces Dr. Mannette, who’s inner darkness was revealed through his surroundings, â€Å"The garret†¦was dim and dark†¦Such a scanty portion of light was admitted through these means, that it was difficult, on first coming in, to see anything; and long habit alone could have slowly formed in any one, the ability to do any wo rk requiring nicety in such obscurity. Yet, work of that kind was being done in the garret; for, with his back towards the door, and his face towards the window where the keeper of the wine-shop stood looking at him, a white-haired man sat on a low bench, stooping forward and very busy, making shoes.† Dr. Mannette was living in turmoil from the years of captivity he had been in, and he had gone into a state of madness. Not only was his surroundings dark, but also the life he was living. However, through the light, which was his daughter, he was able to escape from his inner darkness, â€Å"with hands which at first had been only raised in frightened compassion, if not even to keep him off and shut out the sight of him, but which were now extending towards him, trembling with eagerness to lay the spectral face upon her warm young breast, and love it back to life and hope-so exactly was the expression repeated on her fair young face, that it looked as though it had passed like a moving light, from him to her. † Dr. Mannette is not truly alive until he sees his daughter; the light that she brings penetrates his darkness and brings a new life into him. Darkness and light also helped to stage the setting and tone of the story. The time the novel was placed in was truly dark. Death and despair were rampant in France and darkness was an adequate adjective for the people’s lives, â€Å"Darkness closed around, and then came the ringing of church bells and the distant beating of the military drums in the Palace Courtyard, as the women sat knitting, knitting. Darkness encompassed them. Another darkness was closing in as surely, when the church bells, then ringing pleasantly in many an airy steeple over France, should be melted into thunder cannon† This was used to foreshadow terrible events to come; soon all of France would be engulfed in revolution. Irony was also seen when light was used during a horrific event, â€Å"Along the Paris streets, the death-carts rumble, hollow and harsh. Six tumbrils carry the day’s wine to La Guillotine.† This scene was right before Carton was to be executed. Although this is one of the darkest parts of the story, it occurs in the light of day. Throughout A Tale of Two Cities light and darkness are contrasted and emphasized in regards to the setting and characters. From the opening sentence to Carton’s execution, light and darkness were prevalent in the novel. Although darkness seemed to outweigh the light, there was no grey area, only extremes. Darkness or light, bad or good, Dickens felt this period could only be described by these extremes and he showed them in his story.

Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric Surgery Indication: No studies evaluate the commonly used indications for bariatric surgery. Consensus guidelines suggest that the surgical treatment of obesity should be reserved for patients with a body-mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m(2) or with BMI >35 kg/m(2) and 1 or more significant co morbid conditions, when less invasive methods of weight loss have failed and the patient is at high risk for obesity-associated morbidity and mortality (strength of recommendation: C, based on consensus guidelines). Types:There are two basic types of weight loss surgery — restrictive surgeries and malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries. They help with weight loss in different ways. Restrictive surgeries:  work by physically restricting the size of the stomach and slowing down digestion. A normal stomach can hold about 3 pints of food. After surgery, the stomach may at first hold as little as an ounce, although later that could stretch to 2 or 3 ounces. The smaller the stomach, the less you can eat. The less you eat the more weight you lose. Malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries:  are more invasive surgeries that work by changing how you take in food.In addition to restricting the size of the stomach, these surgeries physically remove or bypass parts of your digestive tract, which makes it harder for your body to absorb calories. Purely malabsorptive surgeries — also called intestinal bypasses — are no longer done because of the side effects. Specific Types of Weight Loss Surgery There are many different surgical procedures for weight loss, and each has several variations. Adjustable Gastric Banding Gastric banding is among the least invasive weight loss treatments.This surgery uses an inflatable band to squeeze the stomach into two sections: a smaller upper pouch and a larger lower section. The two sections are still connected; it's just the channel between them is very small, which slows down the emptying of the upper pouch. Gastric banding physical ly restricts the amount of food you can take in at a meal. Most people can only eat a ? to 1 cup of food before feeling too full or sick. The food also needs to be soft or well-chewed. There are several brands of adjustable gastric bands available. They include LAP-BAND and REALIZE. Pros.The advantage to gastric banding is that it's simpler to do and safer than gastric bypass and other operations. It's routinely done as minimally invasive surgery, using small incisions, special instruments, and a tiny camera called a laparoscope. Recovery is usually faster. You can also have it reversed by surgically removing the band. Because the band is connected to an opening just beneath the skin in the abdomen, it can be easily loosened or tightened in the doctor's office. To tighten the band and further restrict the stomach size, more saline solution is injected into the band.To loosen it, the liquid is removed with a needle. The Cons. People who get gastric banding often have less dramatic we ight loss than those who get more invasive surgeries. They may also be more likely to regain some of the weight over the years. The Risks. The most common side effect of gastric banding is vomiting, a result of eating too much too quickly. Complications with the band aren't uncommon. It might slip out of place, or become too loose, or leak. Sometimes, further surgeries are necessary. As with any surgery, infection is always a risk. Although unlikely, some complications can be life-threatening.Sleeve Gastrectomy This is another form of restrictive weight loss surgery. In the operation, which is usually done with a laparoscope, about 75% of the stomach is removed. What remains of the stomach is a narrow tube or sleeve, which connects to the intestines. Sometimes, a sleeve gastrectomy is a first step in a sequence of weight loss surgeries. It can be followed up by gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion, if more weight loss is needed. However, in other cases, it might be the only s urgery you need. The Pros. For people who are very obese or sick, standard gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion may be too risky.A sleeve gastrectomy is a simpler operation that allows them a lower-risk way to lose weight. If needed, once they've lost weight and their health has improved — usually after 12 months to 18 months — they can go on to have a second surgery, such as gastric bypass. In people with high BMIs, sleeve gastrectomies result in an average weight loss of greater than 50% of excess weight. Because the intestines aren't affected, a sleeve gastrectomy doesn't affect the absorption of food, so nutritional deficiencies are not a problem. The Cons. Unlike gastric banding procedures, a sleeve gastrectomy is irreversible.Most importantly, since it's relatively new, the long-term benefits and risks are still being evaluated. The Risks. Typical surgical risks include infection, leaking of the sleeve, and blood clots. Gastric Bypass Surgery (Roux-en-Y Ga stric Bypass) Gastric bypass is the most common type of weight loss surgery. It combines both restrictive and malabsorptive approaches. It can be done as either a minimally invasive or open surgery. In the operation, the surgeon divides the stomach into two parts, sealing off the upper section from the lower. The surgeon then connects the upper stomach directly to the lower section of the small intestine.Essentially, the surgeon is creating a shortcut for the food, bypassing a section of the stomach and the small intestine. Skipping these parts of the digestive tract means that fewer calories get absorbed into the body. The Pros. Weight loss tends to be swift and dramatic. About 50% of it happens in the first six months. It may continue for up to two years after the operation. Because of the rapid weight loss, health conditions affected by obesity – such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, arthritis, sleep apnea, heartburn, and other conditions — often improve quickly.You'll probably also feel a dramatic improvement in your quality of life. Gastric bypass also has good long-term results; studies have found that many people keep most of the weight off for 10 years or longer. The Cons. By design, surgeries like this impair the body's ability to absorb food. While that can cause rapid weight loss, it also puts you at risk of serious nutritional deficiencies. The loss of calcium and iron could lead to osteoporosis and anemia. You'll have to be very careful with your diet — and take supplements — for the rest of your life.Another risk of gastric bypass is dumping syndrome, in which food is â€Å"dumped† from the stomach into the intestines too quickly, before it's been properly digested. About 85% of people who get a gastric bypass have some dumping. Symptoms include nausea, bloating, pain, sweating, weakness, and diarrhea. Dumping is often triggered by sugary or high-carbohydrate foods, and adjusting the diet help s. However, some experts actually see dumping syndrome as beneficial, in that it encourages people to avoid foods that could lead to weight gain. Unlike adjustable gastric banding, gastric bypass is generally considered irreversible.It has been reversed in rare cases. Therefore, getting this surgery means that you're permanently changing how your body digests food. The Risks. Because these weight loss surgeries are more complicated, the risks are higher. The risk of death from these procedures is low — about 1% — but they are more dangerous than gastric banding. Infection and blood clots are risks, as they are with most surgeries. Gastric bypass also increases the risk of hernias, which can develop later and may need further surgery to fix. Also, a side effect of rapid weight loss can be the formation of gallstones.Biliopancreatic Diversion This is essentially a more drastic version of a gastric bypass, in which part of the stomach — as much as 70% — is r emoved, and even more of the small intestine is bypassed. A somewhat less extreme version of this weight loss surgery is called biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch or â€Å"the duodenal switch. † While still more involved than a gastric bypass, this procedure removes less of the stomach and bypasses less of the small intestine. It also reduces the risk of dumping syndrome, malnutrition, and ulcers, which are more common with a standard biliopancreatic diversion.The Pros. Biliopancreatic diversion can result in even greater and faster weight loss than a gastric bypass. Studies show an average long-term loss of 70% to 80% of excess weight. Although much of the stomach is removed, the remainder is still larger than the pouches formed during gastric bypass or banding procedures. So you may actually be able to eat larger meals with this surgery than with others. The Cons. Biliopancreatic diversion is less common than gastric bypass. One of the reasons is that the risk of nutritional deficiencies is much more serious.It also poses many of the same risks as gastric bypass, including dumping syndrome. However, the duodenal switch may lower some of these risks. The Risks. This is one of the most complicated and high-risk weight loss surgeries. According to National Institutes of Health, the risk of death from the duodenal switch ranges between 2. 5% and 5%. As with gastric bypass, this surgery poses a fairly high risk of hernia, which will need further surgery to correct. However, this risk is lower when the procedure is done laparoscopically. Reference: News release Allegran.ACP Medicine: â€Å"Endocrinology Chapter X: Obesity. † American Society for Bariatric Surgery web site: â€Å"Brief History and Summary of Bariatric Surgery. † American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery web site: â€Å"Bariatric Surgery: Postoperative Concerns. † National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases: â€Å"Gastrointestina l Surgery for Severe Obesity. † Obesity Action Coalition web site: â€Å"Gastrointestinal Surgery (Bariatric Surgery),† Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. † Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, DO, MS on May 29, 2012  © 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

Income Inequality The American Economy Essay - 1735 Words

Income Inequality in the Workplace The American economy has been in a constant rise since the economic decline earlier this decade and keeps on being the vigorous beast it was amid the twentieth century. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities and the Economic Policy Institute concluded that the income wage hole between the wealthiest and the poorest one fifth of families is altogether more extensive than it was two decades prior. The middle class has not seen the advantages of this powerful American economy. The middle-income pay has stayed level at 44,389, an assume that spoke to a 3.8% diminishing from its top in 1999. In 2005, the median income, when adjusted for price level change, really declined, a pattern that has proceeded since 2001. Since the 1970s as the salary for the wealthiest 1% of Americans has multiplied, wages for middle class families have stayed even, however this is simply in the wake of including a second household income. Even workers with college degrees, who were once viewed as first class specialist, have witnessed this wage stagnation, as income of laborers with 4-year professional education fell 5.2% when adjusted for price level change from 2000 to 2004. Income Inequality and Job Dissatisfaction A recent survey conducted by Mercer Consulting Firm found that salary is the reward component most profoundly appreciated by employees; however, just 55 percent are happy with what they earn. When employees believe, they are being paid short of whatShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Income And Assets Inequality Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Income and assets inequality is a significate issue in economy. Throughout human history capital and assets will likely continue to accumulate and become more concentrated, as a result that an greater level of inequality might be witness. Piketty ( 2014 ) found that the rate of GDP growth is lower than return on capital. This Piketty s famous rg inequality shows that assets tend to accumulate faster than the rate of economic growth in capitalist societies which means capital distributionRead MoreCauses Of Income Inequality999 Words   |  4 PagesIncome inequality has affected American citizens ever since the American Dream came to existence. The American Dream is centered around the concept of working hard and earning enough money to support a family, own a home, send children to college, and invest for retirement. Economic gains in income are one of the only possible ways to achieve enough wealth to fulfill the dream. Unfortunately, many people cannot achieve this dream due to low income. Income inequality refers to the uneven distributionRead MoreThe Problem Of The Wage Gap944 Words   |  4 PagesThe wage gap is one of the most important issues that needs to be discussed and solved in contemporary society. 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A nation that promotes on culture differences gender and race income inequality happens to be a big issue in the United States, especially in our economy. â€Å"Through priorRead MorePredatory Lending and Inequality Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesFor many years, the American dream has been deteriorating for several reasons. Paul Krugman, author of â€Å"Confronting Inequality,† blames the â€Å"inequality of our income distribution.† He explains how and why the differences between wages of the poor and wealthy are a major conflict in todays society. Constance M. Ruzich and A. J. Grant, authors of â€Å"Predatory Lending and the Devouring of the American Dream,† argue that the downfall of the American dream has occurred because of predatory lending acts

Essay on The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

DM Type I II: 1 The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main†¦show more content†¦In gestational diabetes, this type of diabetes develops in women only during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant there are a surge of varied hormones that are produced. These hormones sometimes lead to a pregnant woman developing resis tance to the insulin just like the other two types of diabetes. It also comes about because the body cannot use the insulin that is produced, effectively. This usually affects a woman in her second trimester and goes away after the birth of the baby. Developing GD can put a woman at risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in her life or developing GD with every pregnancy that follows. It can also lead to certain health problems in their children like childhood obesity or the risk of developing diabetes in later life. Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes, can be caused by a genetic disorder. It can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults around 20 years old or before a person is 30 years of age. Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called the beta cells, in the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable toShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones( McPhee Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases. Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainlyRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1706 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 â€Æ' EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. InitiallyRead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. 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It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is producedRead MorePathophysiology Of A Common Form Of Diabetes Mellitus2155 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology Diabetes mellitus is broadly described as a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by abnormalities metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common form of diabetes mellitus that has emerged as one of the biggest health problems today affecting millions of people. The core defects that lead to T2DM are insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue, progressive ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction, and excessive hepatic glucose productionRead MoreDisease Pathophysiology And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1464 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Rogelio Gonzales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1. Introduction â€Å"Diabetes mellitus, by far the most common of all endocrine disorders, is one of the foremost public health concerns confronting the world today. Over 23 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have diabetes. 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When people think about epidemics that affect the world today, the first ones that usually come to mind are those that kill of millions of people every year such as HIV, malaria, or the influenza. There are even those that haven’t been as deadly but have gained extreme notoriety such as the H1N1 virus, cholera, and anthrax. For this paper forget about HIV, H1N1, cholera, and the influenza; introducing Diabetes m ellitus: a silent epidemic. Diabetes mellitus or commonly

Value of Life Essay - 897 Words

Human life is full of meaning. As humans, we assign value to many things. However, what happens when we assign a specific value to a human life? This is the issue being presented in the article, â€Å"What is a Life Worth,† by Amanda Ripley. The government is determining a monetary value to a human life, and it does not appeal to the masses. There are many problems with the cold calculation, and most people cannot see the other side of the numbers. The economic value of a human life is calculated based on the income the person was receiving, but when the check is given to a loved one of a small amount, the compensation is misinterpreted as an overall value of the human life. The true value of a human life should not be combined with the†¦show more content†¦However, these parents have mixed the monetary value of their daughter, and the actual life value of their daughter. The father made sure that he would received some sort of economic justification for the death o f his daughter, he does not understand that the government is trying to help the people by attempting to secure an economic stability for the families involved. The equation for the financial claim gives a clearer understanding to the monetary value given by the government. The true value of a human life may be determined based on the outlook a person may have. Many people who have experienced some traumatic life-threatening event or witnessed a loss of a loved one may have different perspectives on how life should be valued, or if there is a value at all. In â€Å"Hamlet’s Soliloquy,† Hamlet violently grieves the loss of his mother, and many other loved ones. He describes the pain that he has endured and questions if it is worth it to carry on, and to continue living. Hamlet does not see the point in life and cannot assign a positive value to life, while considering suicide. Despite the fact that he is still alive, he doesn’t value life without his family or his loved ones. On the other side of the spectrum, Lance Armstrong has a completely different approach while determining the value of his own human life. In the Autobiography, â€Å"It’s Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life,† Armstrong believesShow MoreRela ted The Value of Life Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesShould people put the value of life into monetary value or should life be kept solely as an emotional quantity? People and societies throughout the ages have been trying to answer the problem of putting the value of life into terms of dollar bills. The ancient Egyptians buried their dead with all of their worldly belongings. They believed a person’s monetary worth on Earth was over, and they should take all of that earthly worth with them to the afterlife. Modern day Americans are different fromRead MoreThe Value of A Life Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Value of life The life given by god has a very special meaning a value in which people sometimes forget to thank or either regret. Many students/adults believe that they are going to be popular if they have money and a good job buy forget that people are influenced by those who have learned something. Also a lot fail to remember, to earn value you must earn it.In today’s economy the government creates a value on the person by looking at the position they are held for. If you look at it from theRead MoreValue of Life: Priceless Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Life Essay How does one put a value upon life? That is the question that surfaces in the mind of every individual at least once in a lifetime. The answer is not a definite one. Everyone has various beliefs and morals; this makes manifesting life’s value into a definite answer a daunting task. I believe every individual holds a personal value of life, each of us appreciate different aspects of life more than other. Life is priceless. There is no specific value that can be placed upon itRead MoreThe Value of Human Life Essays543 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Human Life Though our society has adapted and developed, inequality remains prevalent all around the world. Our society assigns value to human live based on ethnicity and gender. Currently around the world there are over 30 million slaves in which 60,000 are in the United States. Even though slavery has been abolished in nearly every country many people still measure the value of individuals in cents and dollars. Should life be calculated in terms of money? How should we as a societyRead MoreEssay on Value of Life: Euthanasia740 Words   |  3 Pagesintentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering† (Euthanasia, 2013). Every year, hundreds of people are injured greatly both physical and psychological. Some of these are so heavily hurt that they feel they have nothing left to live for. Their lives are ruined and all they can do is sit, eat and sleep. In some cases it is discussed if euthanasia could be an option. However, it has always been a question how bad an injury is before one can perform euthanasia. Is the value of life bigger thanRead MoreEssay on The Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game  Ã‚   He is hunched down in the bushes, a .22-caliber pistol in his hand.   His blood-red lips split open in a smile as he watches his prey writhing, blood spouting from the wound, dry green leaves becoming wet crimson.   Then, with a terrible pleasure, he places the gun against the skull of his prey and fires one last round.   The hunter, brimming with sadism, drags his kill behind him, leaving a trail of blood behind on the ground.   Human blood.   ThisRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. Today, however, in many societies it is not unusual to see a sort of regression of civilization, the result of an incomplete and sometimes distorted conception of human freedom, which often finds public legitimization in the State legal system. That is, it happens that the respectRead More Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel Essay examples1319 Words   |  6 Pages is the constant competition of the ideas of meaning in life versus existentialism. Throughout the novel, Grendel makes a steady spiritual decay to the point of denying any value or significance in life itself. He believes the world is nothing more than â€Å"a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears†(16). This progression starts at a young age, and through out the twelve years of Grendel ’s life, he grows closer to a total commitment to this theory. BecauseRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Cheapens the Value of Human Life1588 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree but in kind. It treats all persons convicted †¦ not as uniquely individual human beings, but as members of a faceless, undifferentiated mass †¦ subjected to the blind infliction of the penalty of death. Death, in its finality, differs more from life imprisonment than a 100-year prison term differs from one of only a year or two. Such sentiments not only unearths the very brutality of this form of State sanctioned punishment, but also voices the urgency for civilized society to see to its confinementRead MoreEssay about Customer Life Time Value Model for Syphone1163 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1 What is the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values? Compare these figures to the â€Å"Gross margin† figures in the original spreadsheet. What can you learn from this comparison? Solution 1 Following are the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values. Segments / Segment description Customer lifetime value Gross margins Large accounts $78,454 $63,000 Large accounts, rebate $70,769 $36