Essay on The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

DM Type I II: 1 The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main†¦show more content†¦In gestational diabetes, this type of diabetes develops in women only during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant there are a surge of varied hormones that are produced. These hormones sometimes lead to a pregnant woman developing resis tance to the insulin just like the other two types of diabetes. It also comes about because the body cannot use the insulin that is produced, effectively. This usually affects a woman in her second trimester and goes away after the birth of the baby. Developing GD can put a woman at risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in her life or developing GD with every pregnancy that follows. It can also lead to certain health problems in their children like childhood obesity or the risk of developing diabetes in later life. Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes, can be caused by a genetic disorder. It can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults around 20 years old or before a person is 30 years of age. Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called the beta cells, in the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable toShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones( McPhee Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases. Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainlyRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1706 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 â€Æ' EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. InitiallyRead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how its used. Glucose is vital to your health because its an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Its also your brains main source ofRead MorePathophysiology Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus845 Words   |  4 PagesPathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes One of the most common medical disorders of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diagnosing, treating, and managing health outcomes for the mother and baby can be challenging. The impact of GDM can be far reaching past the postpartum period, and can affect both mom and baby for years to come. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of GDM, explore the available treatments and discuss the impact and how education is essentialRead MoreIntegrative Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative Pathophysiology of Diabetes Narelle Fleming 30095474 Diabetes mellitus caused by lack of insulin production and/or insulin resistance can cause a variety of symptoms. Insulin resistance is a condition where insulin is produced by the body (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes), but the body’s cells become resistant to insulin (Stoppler, 2014). In insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood, when normally it is absorbed by the body’s cells, where it is converted to energy, whichRead MorePathophysiology And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 21474 Words   |  6 PagesPathophysiology and Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition that millions of people around the world suffer from. It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is producedRead MorePathophysiology Of A Common Form Of Diabetes Mellitus2155 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology Diabetes mellitus is broadly described as a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by abnormalities metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common form of diabetes mellitus that has emerged as one of the biggest health problems today affecting millions of people. The core defects that lead to T2DM are insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue, progressive ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction, and excessive hepatic glucose productionRead MoreDisease Pathophysiology And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1464 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Rogelio Gonzales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1. Introduction â€Å"Diabetes mellitus, by far the most common of all endocrine disorders, is one of the foremost public health concerns confronting the world today. Over 23 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have diabetes. An estimated 17.5 million have been diagnosed, but 5.5 million (nearly one fourth) are unaware they have the disease† (NelmsRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 And 21496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and 2 According to the National Diabetes Statistics Report from The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012, it revealed that 29.1 million of the American population has diabetes with 1.7 million new diagnoses each year. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States and costs over 176 billion dollars per year. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to the dysfunction of the pancreasRead MoreEndocrine Research Paper Pathophysiology: Diabetes Mellitus1384 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation)(Diabetes Facts). When people think about epidemics that affect the world today, the first ones that usually come to mind are those that kill of millions of people every year such as HIV, malaria, or the influenza. There are even those that haven’t been as deadly but have gained extreme notoriety such as the H1N1 virus, cholera, and anthrax. For this paper forget about HIV, H1N1, cholera, and the influenza; introducing Diabetes m ellitus: a silent epidemic. Diabetes mellitus or commonly

Value of Life Essay - 897 Words

Human life is full of meaning. As humans, we assign value to many things. However, what happens when we assign a specific value to a human life? This is the issue being presented in the article, â€Å"What is a Life Worth,† by Amanda Ripley. The government is determining a monetary value to a human life, and it does not appeal to the masses. There are many problems with the cold calculation, and most people cannot see the other side of the numbers. The economic value of a human life is calculated based on the income the person was receiving, but when the check is given to a loved one of a small amount, the compensation is misinterpreted as an overall value of the human life. The true value of a human life should not be combined with the†¦show more content†¦However, these parents have mixed the monetary value of their daughter, and the actual life value of their daughter. The father made sure that he would received some sort of economic justification for the death o f his daughter, he does not understand that the government is trying to help the people by attempting to secure an economic stability for the families involved. The equation for the financial claim gives a clearer understanding to the monetary value given by the government. The true value of a human life may be determined based on the outlook a person may have. Many people who have experienced some traumatic life-threatening event or witnessed a loss of a loved one may have different perspectives on how life should be valued, or if there is a value at all. In â€Å"Hamlet’s Soliloquy,† Hamlet violently grieves the loss of his mother, and many other loved ones. He describes the pain that he has endured and questions if it is worth it to carry on, and to continue living. Hamlet does not see the point in life and cannot assign a positive value to life, while considering suicide. Despite the fact that he is still alive, he doesn’t value life without his family or his loved ones. On the other side of the spectrum, Lance Armstrong has a completely different approach while determining the value of his own human life. In the Autobiography, â€Å"It’s Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life,† Armstrong believesShow MoreRela ted The Value of Life Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesShould people put the value of life into monetary value or should life be kept solely as an emotional quantity? People and societies throughout the ages have been trying to answer the problem of putting the value of life into terms of dollar bills. The ancient Egyptians buried their dead with all of their worldly belongings. They believed a person’s monetary worth on Earth was over, and they should take all of that earthly worth with them to the afterlife. Modern day Americans are different fromRead MoreThe Value of A Life Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Value of life The life given by god has a very special meaning a value in which people sometimes forget to thank or either regret. Many students/adults believe that they are going to be popular if they have money and a good job buy forget that people are influenced by those who have learned something. Also a lot fail to remember, to earn value you must earn it.In today’s economy the government creates a value on the person by looking at the position they are held for. If you look at it from theRead MoreValue of Life: Priceless Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Life Essay How does one put a value upon life? That is the question that surfaces in the mind of every individual at least once in a lifetime. The answer is not a definite one. Everyone has various beliefs and morals; this makes manifesting life’s value into a definite answer a daunting task. I believe every individual holds a personal value of life, each of us appreciate different aspects of life more than other. Life is priceless. There is no specific value that can be placed upon itRead MoreThe Value of Human Life Essays543 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Human Life Though our society has adapted and developed, inequality remains prevalent all around the world. Our society assigns value to human live based on ethnicity and gender. Currently around the world there are over 30 million slaves in which 60,000 are in the United States. Even though slavery has been abolished in nearly every country many people still measure the value of individuals in cents and dollars. Should life be calculated in terms of money? How should we as a societyRead MoreEssay on Value of Life: Euthanasia740 Words   |  3 Pagesintentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering† (Euthanasia, 2013). Every year, hundreds of people are injured greatly both physical and psychological. Some of these are so heavily hurt that they feel they have nothing left to live for. Their lives are ruined and all they can do is sit, eat and sleep. In some cases it is discussed if euthanasia could be an option. However, it has always been a question how bad an injury is before one can perform euthanasia. Is the value of life bigger thanRead MoreEssay on The Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game  Ã‚   He is hunched down in the bushes, a .22-caliber pistol in his hand.   His blood-red lips split open in a smile as he watches his prey writhing, blood spouting from the wound, dry green leaves becoming wet crimson.   Then, with a terrible pleasure, he places the gun against the skull of his prey and fires one last round.   The hunter, brimming with sadism, drags his kill behind him, leaving a trail of blood behind on the ground.   Human blood.   ThisRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. Today, however, in many societies it is not unusual to see a sort of regression of civilization, the result of an incomplete and sometimes distorted conception of human freedom, which often finds public legitimization in the State legal system. That is, it happens that the respectRead More Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel Essay examples1319 Words   |  6 Pages is the constant competition of the ideas of meaning in life versus existentialism. Throughout the novel, Grendel makes a steady spiritual decay to the point of denying any value or significance in life itself. He believes the world is nothing more than â€Å"a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears†(16). This progression starts at a young age, and through out the twelve years of Grendel ’s life, he grows closer to a total commitment to this theory. BecauseRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Cheapens the Value of Human Life1588 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree but in kind. It treats all persons convicted †¦ not as uniquely individual human beings, but as members of a faceless, undifferentiated mass †¦ subjected to the blind infliction of the penalty of death. Death, in its finality, differs more from life imprisonment than a 100-year prison term differs from one of only a year or two. Such sentiments not only unearths the very brutality of this form of State sanctioned punishment, but also voices the urgency for civilized society to see to its confinementRead MoreEssay about Customer Life Time Value Model for Syphone1163 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1 What is the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values? Compare these figures to the â€Å"Gross margin† figures in the original spreadsheet. What can you learn from this comparison? Solution 1 Following are the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values. Segments / Segment description Customer lifetime value Gross margins Large accounts $78,454 $63,000 Large accounts, rebate $70,769 $36

Impacts of Power and Hierarchy in Medical Sociology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theImpacts of Power and Hierarchy in Medical Sociology. Answer: Hierarchical arrangement in the society refers to how people are classified based on their wealth and power (Grusky Weishaar, 2014). One of the critical aspects of sociology is to study different kinds of social stratification and types of inequality. Inequity refers to a situation in which people have unequal access to resources in the society. The resources can either be economic and political, such as healthcare, education, jobs, housing (Bottomore Nisbet, 1978). The study of the sociology helps in understanding the changing social aspects within communities, the source of conflict and problems within the same settings, and finally the possible solutions to the challenges affecting the community. The sociological study is essential in the understanding interaction between different classes and why such stratifications exist. This essay focuses on the power and hierarchy in the healthcare sector (Australia) based on the sociological theories and concepts. Healthcare is one industry that people frequent throughout their lives. Every culture and group view health care differently based on the respective people's belief (Allen et al., 2016). Sociologist view health care from three perspectives: the functionalist, conflict and interactionist points of view. These three theories can be easily implemented in the healthcare sector. According to the In Allen et al. (2016), sociology is defined as the scientific study of sociological behaviors in human groups. Sociology is concerned with the relationships in human groups, how the interaction affects human behavior and generally, how society develops and evolve (Allen et al., 2016). These are the basis of development of functionalist, conflict and interactionist theories in healthcare. A sociological approach based on the functionalist perspective clarifies the way in which the society is stratified to preserve its ability (Cooke Philpin, 2008). A functionalist perspective maintains that being sick must be regulated so that not too many individuals are released from the societal role within the same period (Cooke Philpin, 2008). If at all situation like this occur, society will lose balance, interfering with its stability and functionality. Talcott Parsons, a renowned sociologist for its contribution to the functionalist theory, explained the behavior that sick people should demonstrate (Cooke Philpin, 2008). It is also regarded as the sick role. In everyday occurrences, when people are suffering, they request for permission either in their workplaces or school to go home or seek medical intervention. When people have a role to play in the real world, they are obliged to recover from their sickness and get back to work or school. If in any case, the sick person fails to take the responsibility of trying to get better, either by not following the medical advice or is reluctant to get better, then the person is perceived as not sick, and therefore, do not fall under the ill role (Cooke Philpin, 2008). According to the Parsons theory, physicians are the gatekeepers for the sick role, whereas the doctors are responsible for checking the ill role and confirm the illness, and afterward, help them get well. (Rothman et al., 2008) At the end of the day, it is really up to the patient to seek physician's assistance and follow the doctor's instructions in order to get better (Rothman et al., 2008). In conflict perspective, sociological approach shoulders that social behavior is best comprehended when there is a struggle over limited resources between human groups (Rothman et al., 2008). From this perspective, inequities exist in the healthcare industry regarding service delivery. Most often than not, wealthy people would get better health care compared to the less fortunate in the society. Also, people from poor backgrounds are likely to contract illnesses, compared to their wealthy counterparts due to the environmental factors. When they seek medical assistance, the kind of poor service they receive makes it even harder for them to recover quickly. In some cases, the poor do not have the finances to seek for treatment (Cooke Philpin, 2008). An interactionist perspectives in sociology is based on the daily forms of social relations to clarify society as a whole (Cooke Philpin, 2008). From this point of view, patients are active, regularly seeking the service of a healthcare professional. Interaction perspective also takes into consideration how doctors became who they are to be in the healthcare profession (Cooke Philpin, 2008). Doctors go to medical school to gain medical facts before being acknowledged as "Doctors." As such, they command respect from the patients. This makes it convenient for the patients to follow the instructions of the doctor. (Cooke Philpin, 2008). An essential perspective in healthcare is the biomedical model, sometimes called biomechanical model of health. The model is defined as a precise extent of health and defines a disease as the inability of the body to perform its function normally due to a biological breakdown. The model considers the patient as a body distinct from the mind and external consideration that can be handled and explored for treatment, according to the United States National Research Council (1997). The treatment, therefore, lies dominantly in the hands of the medical professionals and takes place in a medical set up. The biomedical model considers biological factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of exercises as absolute causes of ill health. The model insists that medical practitioners with proper training are the only proper personnel that can deal with sick people (Gaharian et al., 2017). Doctors have power in the biomechanical model and are in a position to maintain it that way. The primary advantage of the model is that it shows a clear guidance for treatment of the patient. Also, much scientific research support this model, most of which are unbiased and verified beyond reasonable doubt. Based on the interactionist perspective of sociological study, patients and doctors negotiate a diagnosis (Cooke Philpin, 2008). This may lead to a conflict (conflict perspective) between doctor's and patient's views regarding a proper diagnosis. From the functionalist point of view, the doctor is obligated to confirm the sickness; therefore, the doctors have social control, and this approach fit s well with the biomedical model (Gaharian et al., 2017). However, environmental and social changes also contribute to illness, which is not accounted for in the biomedical model. Social and ecological factors are important in pointing out the real source of diseases, hence, preventing re-occurrences of the same illness (Wade Halingan, 2004). The biomedical model is ineffective in a way that a patient may recover from the sickness through medical intervention, while the underlying problem still exists. For instance, treating cholera without improvement in sanitation and hygiene. Power and hierarchy are also left out in the biomedical model. According to the Marxism movement established by Karl Max Frederick Angels in 1880s, medicine operates in favor of the controlling groups in the society (Pelzang, 2011). Marxist believes that capitalist society profit is more valued than the people and healthcare they are given. The objective of the medicine is just to keep people fit enough to continue working for the capitalist (Pelzang, 2011). Also, the government does not address core social aspects and inadequate healthcare, and industries are allowed to continue making profits from the products that are harmful to the health of people, such as tobacco, alcohol, and cigarettes (Wade Halingan, 2004). Furthermore, unequal distribution of resources among the societal groups, place the wealthy individuals at upper hand of getting better health care. Although structural functionalism perceives social hierarchy as a practical feature of a multifaceted society in which a standard value regulates stability and social command, conflict theory reasons that scarce resources is the leading cause of competition. Social structures explain that people who have access to the scars resources will seek to keep the hierarchy, hence, conflict theorists predict that social occur due to revolution instead of evolution (Cockerham, 2014). Cockerham (2014) points out that conflict theory emphasizes the causes of illness in the economic setup and also on the competition about conflicting interest in the healthcare facilities. It is evident that conflict theory focuses its attention on the relationship between medicine and the social order. Conflict theory also brings out the disadvantaged position of women in the medical field regarding chauvinist treatment of women by physicians (Conrad et al., 2010). Another healthcare sector where privilege and po wer reside in the therapeutic division of labor and an imbalanced patient's outcome in marginalized groups in the society (Currie et al., 2012). Although analysis of racism, sex, and class in an individual analytic setup is perfect, the propensity to do away with all types of inequity and go back to the class-based understanding of power and hierarchy is better explained in the political economy approach (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). A political economy perspective maintains that under capitalism, an individual relation to the means of production is not only crucial in understanding the position they occupy in the hierarchy, but also estimating their health and wealth (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). The research establishes that etiology and spread of infectious and non-infectious diseases are directly related to the means of production. This social- class plotting of diseases occurrence, created the core of socio-economic stratification in understanding the living conditions of different societal groups, and the fact that treating the disease in itself cannot eradicate the re-occurrence of the illness. The purpose of the political economy approach is to help health professionals understand the illness as caused by also social factors and not to rely solely on the biomedical model for the complete eradication of the disease (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). The observation that a person's experience of illness and possibility of succumbing to death are directly related to the individual's position in the socio-economic hierarchy is the center of sociological inequities study. Marx anticipated a social class as a group of people who share similar conditions and situations, which might end up having an environmental effect on health. Familiarization with the group's interest enables class-consciousness, which can lead to a collective bargaining and therefore, action to upgrade group's attention (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). Marxist classified people into workers and owners while pointing out historical changes that resulted from the industrial revolution (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). This seems to be an out-of-date way to study health inequalities. A materialist approach insists on the ongoing interest in class-related health imbalances, but it has been upgraded a Weberian approach which sides with status rather than economic superiority should be used as a measure of social status (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). The primary guide to social classification is the one used in the Australia's national statistics office; National Statistics- Socioeconomic Classification' NS-SEC. According to NS-SEC, classification is determined by features of an individual's employment together with their place in the labor market (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). This guide tries to establish whether the job is skilled, casual or professional and the measure of power compared to other employees. This is regarded as an improvement of its anteceden t. Which mainly relied on the person's referral's ranking given to a specific profession about their general standing. (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). Social capital is defined as a collective investment of persons in a society based on membership in groups, institutions, and networks, which serves as a measure of the degree of trust reciprocity in society (Gabe Monaghan, 2013). A high degree of income disparities among members of the societal groups reduces trust among the citizens, consequently degrading the social environment, and finally a person's health. A materialist approach emphasizes that a high degree of income inequity is directly related to poor health results due to minimal investment in infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, and housing that are important in sustaining the people's well-being (Gabe Monaghan, 2013). Over the past years, capitalism has modernized to an accident that the relevance of Marxist approach to the capitalism is jeopardized. Marxism movement approach is founded on the use-value, which should be modified to include the analysis of the production of services and products without favoring one party. In 1970, neo-conservative economic revolutions interfered with the initial groupings of the harmony, making it increasingly challenging to define people based on family, occupation, class or geographic origins (Alegria et al., 2011). In Australia, hierarchy, and power has influenced the enactment of tobacco smoking policy. The policy was put in place to regulate health complications such as liver cirrhosis that results from excess smoking. However, the implementation process has faced a lot of challenges, primarily from tobacco industries and its allies, who continue with the business at the expense of health complications the consumers are experiencing (Chapman Wakefield, 2001). This is fuelled by those in power, leaving the tobacco users at a great danger of health problems. Australian health practitioners are doing their best to treat these complications, but the fruit of their labor is not appreciated as the underlying problem (Tobacco distribution) remains unsolved. It is upon the government and the people holding a high position in the hierarchy to ensure that tobacco-free policy is fully executed in Australia (Studlar, 2005). This is a perfect example of the impact of power and stratification in medical s ociology and the limitation of biomedical model in addressing health issues. In conclusions, it is evident that hierarchy and power play a fundamental role in healthcare industry according to the sociological theories and concepts covered in this essay. The central part of this paper was seeking to understand the social processes that lead to inequalities in the healthcare industry and society in general. Despite significant changes in medical sociology since its introduction to the clinical field, many things remain unchanged regarding socio-economic configuration hierarchies, legislative and commercial medicinal functions. Medical sociology merit should have freedom of experiencing the excitement of scientific and technological innovation, without being limited by its constructive potential and keeping in check social justice implications. References Alegra, M., Pescosolido, B. A., Williams, S., Canino, G. (2011). Culture, race/ethnicity and disparities: Fleshing out the socio-cultural framework for health services disparities. In Handbook of the sociology of health, illness, and healing (pp. 363-382). Springer New York. Bottomore, T. B., Nisbet, R. A. (1978). A history of sociological analysis. New York: Basic Books. Boyer, C. A., Lutfey, K. E. (2010). Examining critical health policy issues within and beyond the clinical encounter: patient-provider relationships and help-seeking behaviors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S80-S93. Chapman, S., Wakefield, M. (2001). Tobacco control advocacy in Australia: reflections on 30 years of progress. Health Education Behavior, 28(3), 274-289. Cockerham, W. C. (2014). Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Conrad, P., Carr, P., Knight, S., Renfrew, M. R., Dunn, M. B., Pololi, L. (2010). Hierarchy as a barrier to advancement for women in academic medicine. Journal of women's health, 19(4), 799-805. Cooke, H., Philpin, S. M. (2008). Sociology in Nursing and Healthcare. London: Elsevier Health Sciences UK. Currie, G., Dingwall, R., Kitchener, M., Waring, J. (2012). Let's dance: organization studies, medical sociology and health policy. Social Science Medicine, 74(3), 273-280. Gabe, J., Monaghan, L. (2013). Key concepts in medical sociology. Sage. Goharian, A., Mohammed, R. A., Abdullah, M. R. (2017). Trauma plating systems: Biomechanical, material, biological, and clinical aspects. Grusky, D. B., Weisshaar, K. R. (2014). Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective. In Allen, D., In Braithwaite, J., In Sandall, J., In Waring, J. (2016). The sociology of healthcare safety and quality. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. National Research Council (U.S.). (1997). The use of multi-state life tables in estimating places for biomedical and behavioral scientists: A technical paper. Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: understanding patient-centred care. British journal of nursing, 19(14). Rothman, B. K., Armstrong, E. M., Tiger, R., Rothman, Barbara Katz. (2008). Bioethical Issues, Sociological Perspectives. Advances in Medical Sociology, Volume 9. Emerald Group Publishing. Studlar, D. T. (2005). The political dynamics of tobacco control in Australia and New Zealand: explaining policy problems, instruments, and patterns of adoption. Australian Journal of Political Science, 40(2), 255-274. Wade, D. T., Halligan, P. W. (2004). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 329(7479), 1398. Weiss, G. L., Lonnquist, L. E. (2015). Sociology of health, healing, and illness. Routledge.

Lincoln Could He Have Preserved The Union Essays -

Lincoln Could He Have Preserved the Union Lincoln Could He Have Preserved the Union From the time the South demanded the return of Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens, tension had been building in expectation of Lincoln's reply. The options available to Lincoln were limited, and those that were available were further limited by constraints of time and man-power. Lincoln's options were also limited by his goals. Lincoln had a set agenda, with preserving the Union at the head of the list. Lincoln also aimed to preserve Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens. Lincoln's most pressing goal was to instigate the war without seeming to be the aggressor. This proved to be the most difficult goal, because to achieve this, he had to know how far to push without seeming to push at all. An additional goal was to perhaps lure the border states onto the northern side. This was an important goal because it fell in line with Lincoln's un-hostile attitude. By being attacked first, he could say he was responding to an act of war on the United States. One of Lincoln's options was to sit by and do nothing. This was not really an option, however, because abandoning his soldiers at this fort would not only lower the morale of his entire army, but could also turn many of his supporters against him. So, needless to say, Lincoln could not really consider this as an option. Lincoln, for a time, also entertained the idea of compromise. The southern resolve was so concrete that this idea was abandoned rather quickly. Another idea, proposed by Secretary of State Seward, was to abandon Fort Sumter and concentrate on Fort Pickens. Lincoln did not accept this idea either, mainly because abandoning a fort anywhere in the South would recognize the South as an independent nation. Even so, Seward managed to get a force together, and taking one of the strongest ships in the United States Navy, went to Pickens anyway. One idea with similar traits was the idea to abandon both forts, leaving the South. Though open to consideration, this was not at all in line with Lincoln's thinking. Again this would recognize the South as an independent nation, which would finalize the secession. For lack of a better idea, some suggested the reinforcing of the forts, to protect them from bombardment. This idea was cast aside also, because, first of all, Fort Sumter lies in between two points of land, both protected by forts. To make this idea work, those forts would have to be taken, too. Lincoln could not amass the needed number of soldiers, either. Secondly, the thought of risking more lives on just a pile of rock in the middle of a harbor was not appealing. Considering the resolve of the Southern states, Lincoln for a while considered a military invasion. This, however, was not feasible. Lincoln's forces were so scattered, it would take weeks on end to produce enough soldiers to achieve this goal. An estimate by General in chief Scott suggested "5,000 regular troops and 20,000 volunteers." (Current 50) The time frame for collecting this number of soldiers was much greater than the supplies in Sumter could last. Fort Sumter was also reinforced by surrounding forts in Charleston Harbor, meaning a loss of soldiers could be expected also. Lincoln's most favored option, the one he eventually went with, was to take a non-aggressive force into the harbor, carrying supplies in to the short-rationed soldiers. Although Lincoln went in under peaceful pretenses, one could assume that he was attempting to achieve his goal of appearing to be the tormented, not the tormentor. His ploy worked, and the South did as predicted and fired upon the re-supply fleet. By achieving his non-aggressor goal, Lincoln also strengthened his case for winning the border states. Lincoln was faced with a dilemma when he had to decide between peace or unity. The southern resolve eliminated any chance of compromise, so Lincoln had to chose the route which seemed the best for the Union. He could not be seen as aggressive, because if he did he risked losing the support of the border states, which could reduce the Union to nothing. To reiterate, the southern states' hard nose attitude encouraged no deliberation, so no compromise could have ever been achieved. Lincoln, in light of this incident, might not be seen as your typical image of "Honest Abe", but he comes shining through as a great leader.