Essay on The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

DM Type I II: 1 The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main†¦show more content†¦In gestational diabetes, this type of diabetes develops in women only during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant there are a surge of varied hormones that are produced. These hormones sometimes lead to a pregnant woman developing resis tance to the insulin just like the other two types of diabetes. It also comes about because the body cannot use the insulin that is produced, effectively. This usually affects a woman in her second trimester and goes away after the birth of the baby. Developing GD can put a woman at risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in her life or developing GD with every pregnancy that follows. It can also lead to certain health problems in their children like childhood obesity or the risk of developing diabetes in later life. Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes, can be caused by a genetic disorder. It can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults around 20 years old or before a person is 30 years of age. Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called the beta cells, in the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable toShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones( McPhee Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases. Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainlyRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1706 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 â€Æ' EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. InitiallyRead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how its used. Glucose is vital to your health because its an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Its also your brains main source ofRead MorePathophysiology Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus845 Words   |  4 PagesPathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes One of the most common medical disorders of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diagnosing, treating, and managing health outcomes for the mother and baby can be challenging. The impact of GDM can be far reaching past the postpartum period, and can affect both mom and baby for years to come. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of GDM, explore the available treatments and discuss the impact and how education is essentialRead MoreIntegrative Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative Pathophysiology of Diabetes Narelle Fleming 30095474 Diabetes mellitus caused by lack of insulin production and/or insulin resistance can cause a variety of symptoms. Insulin resistance is a condition where insulin is produced by the body (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes), but the body’s cells become resistant to insulin (Stoppler, 2014). In insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood, when normally it is absorbed by the body’s cells, where it is converted to energy, whichRead MorePathophysiology And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 21474 Words   |  6 PagesPathophysiology and Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition that millions of people around the world suffer from. It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is producedRead MorePathophysiology Of A Common Form Of Diabetes Mellitus2155 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology Diabetes mellitus is broadly described as a chronic, metabolic disorder characterized by abnormalities metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common form of diabetes mellitus that has emerged as one of the biggest health problems today affecting millions of people. The core defects that lead to T2DM are insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue, progressive ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction, and excessive hepatic glucose productionRead MoreDisease Pathophysiology And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1464 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Rogelio Gonzales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1. Introduction â€Å"Diabetes mellitus, by far the most common of all endocrine disorders, is one of the foremost public health concerns confronting the world today. Over 23 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have diabetes. An estimated 17.5 million have been diagnosed, but 5.5 million (nearly one fourth) are unaware they have the disease† (NelmsRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 And 21496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and 2 According to the National Diabetes Statistics Report from The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012, it revealed that 29.1 million of the American population has diabetes with 1.7 million new diagnoses each year. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States and costs over 176 billion dollars per year. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to the dysfunction of the pancreasRead MoreEndocrine Research Paper Pathophysiology: Diabetes Mellitus1384 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation)(Diabetes Facts). When people think about epidemics that affect the world today, the first ones that usually come to mind are those that kill of millions of people every year such as HIV, malaria, or the influenza. There are even those that haven’t been as deadly but have gained extreme notoriety such as the H1N1 virus, cholera, and anthrax. For this paper forget about HIV, H1N1, cholera, and the influenza; introducing Diabetes m ellitus: a silent epidemic. Diabetes mellitus or commonly

Value of Life Essay - 897 Words

Human life is full of meaning. As humans, we assign value to many things. However, what happens when we assign a specific value to a human life? This is the issue being presented in the article, â€Å"What is a Life Worth,† by Amanda Ripley. The government is determining a monetary value to a human life, and it does not appeal to the masses. There are many problems with the cold calculation, and most people cannot see the other side of the numbers. The economic value of a human life is calculated based on the income the person was receiving, but when the check is given to a loved one of a small amount, the compensation is misinterpreted as an overall value of the human life. The true value of a human life should not be combined with the†¦show more content†¦However, these parents have mixed the monetary value of their daughter, and the actual life value of their daughter. The father made sure that he would received some sort of economic justification for the death o f his daughter, he does not understand that the government is trying to help the people by attempting to secure an economic stability for the families involved. The equation for the financial claim gives a clearer understanding to the monetary value given by the government. The true value of a human life may be determined based on the outlook a person may have. Many people who have experienced some traumatic life-threatening event or witnessed a loss of a loved one may have different perspectives on how life should be valued, or if there is a value at all. In â€Å"Hamlet’s Soliloquy,† Hamlet violently grieves the loss of his mother, and many other loved ones. He describes the pain that he has endured and questions if it is worth it to carry on, and to continue living. Hamlet does not see the point in life and cannot assign a positive value to life, while considering suicide. Despite the fact that he is still alive, he doesn’t value life without his family or his loved ones. On the other side of the spectrum, Lance Armstrong has a completely different approach while determining the value of his own human life. In the Autobiography, â€Å"It’s Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life,† Armstrong believesShow MoreRela ted The Value of Life Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesShould people put the value of life into monetary value or should life be kept solely as an emotional quantity? People and societies throughout the ages have been trying to answer the problem of putting the value of life into terms of dollar bills. The ancient Egyptians buried their dead with all of their worldly belongings. They believed a person’s monetary worth on Earth was over, and they should take all of that earthly worth with them to the afterlife. Modern day Americans are different fromRead MoreThe Value of A Life Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Value of life The life given by god has a very special meaning a value in which people sometimes forget to thank or either regret. Many students/adults believe that they are going to be popular if they have money and a good job buy forget that people are influenced by those who have learned something. Also a lot fail to remember, to earn value you must earn it.In today’s economy the government creates a value on the person by looking at the position they are held for. If you look at it from theRead MoreValue of Life: Priceless Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Life Essay How does one put a value upon life? That is the question that surfaces in the mind of every individual at least once in a lifetime. The answer is not a definite one. Everyone has various beliefs and morals; this makes manifesting life’s value into a definite answer a daunting task. I believe every individual holds a personal value of life, each of us appreciate different aspects of life more than other. Life is priceless. There is no specific value that can be placed upon itRead MoreThe Value of Human Life Essays543 Words   |  3 PagesValue of Human Life Though our society has adapted and developed, inequality remains prevalent all around the world. Our society assigns value to human live based on ethnicity and gender. Currently around the world there are over 30 million slaves in which 60,000 are in the United States. Even though slavery has been abolished in nearly every country many people still measure the value of individuals in cents and dollars. Should life be calculated in terms of money? How should we as a societyRead MoreEssay on Value of Life: Euthanasia740 Words   |  3 Pagesintentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering† (Euthanasia, 2013). Every year, hundreds of people are injured greatly both physical and psychological. Some of these are so heavily hurt that they feel they have nothing left to live for. Their lives are ruined and all they can do is sit, eat and sleep. In some cases it is discussed if euthanasia could be an option. However, it has always been a question how bad an injury is before one can perform euthanasia. Is the value of life bigger thanRead MoreEssay on The Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game  Ã‚   He is hunched down in the bushes, a .22-caliber pistol in his hand.   His blood-red lips split open in a smile as he watches his prey writhing, blood spouting from the wound, dry green leaves becoming wet crimson.   Then, with a terrible pleasure, he places the gun against the skull of his prey and fires one last round.   The hunter, brimming with sadism, drags his kill behind him, leaving a trail of blood behind on the ground.   Human blood.   ThisRead MoreEssay on Human Cloning and the Value of Human Life1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning and the Value of Human Life To recognize the value of human life, from conception until its natural end, is an achievement of civilization to be safeguarded as a primary good of the person and of society. Today, however, in many societies it is not unusual to see a sort of regression of civilization, the result of an incomplete and sometimes distorted conception of human freedom, which often finds public legitimization in the State legal system. That is, it happens that the respectRead More Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel Essay examples1319 Words   |  6 Pages is the constant competition of the ideas of meaning in life versus existentialism. Throughout the novel, Grendel makes a steady spiritual decay to the point of denying any value or significance in life itself. He believes the world is nothing more than â€Å"a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears†(16). This progression starts at a young age, and through out the twelve years of Grendel ’s life, he grows closer to a total commitment to this theory. BecauseRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Cheapens the Value of Human Life1588 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree but in kind. It treats all persons convicted †¦ not as uniquely individual human beings, but as members of a faceless, undifferentiated mass †¦ subjected to the blind infliction of the penalty of death. Death, in its finality, differs more from life imprisonment than a 100-year prison term differs from one of only a year or two. Such sentiments not only unearths the very brutality of this form of State sanctioned punishment, but also voices the urgency for civilized society to see to its confinementRead MoreEssay about Customer Life Time Value Model for Syphone1163 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1 What is the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values? Compare these figures to the â€Å"Gross margin† figures in the original spreadsheet. What can you learn from this comparison? Solution 1 Following are the lifetime value of a typical customer in each of the four segments, in current dollar values. Segments / Segment description Customer lifetime value Gross margins Large accounts $78,454 $63,000 Large accounts, rebate $70,769 $36

Impacts of Power and Hierarchy in Medical Sociology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theImpacts of Power and Hierarchy in Medical Sociology. Answer: Hierarchical arrangement in the society refers to how people are classified based on their wealth and power (Grusky Weishaar, 2014). One of the critical aspects of sociology is to study different kinds of social stratification and types of inequality. Inequity refers to a situation in which people have unequal access to resources in the society. The resources can either be economic and political, such as healthcare, education, jobs, housing (Bottomore Nisbet, 1978). The study of the sociology helps in understanding the changing social aspects within communities, the source of conflict and problems within the same settings, and finally the possible solutions to the challenges affecting the community. The sociological study is essential in the understanding interaction between different classes and why such stratifications exist. This essay focuses on the power and hierarchy in the healthcare sector (Australia) based on the sociological theories and concepts. Healthcare is one industry that people frequent throughout their lives. Every culture and group view health care differently based on the respective people's belief (Allen et al., 2016). Sociologist view health care from three perspectives: the functionalist, conflict and interactionist points of view. These three theories can be easily implemented in the healthcare sector. According to the In Allen et al. (2016), sociology is defined as the scientific study of sociological behaviors in human groups. Sociology is concerned with the relationships in human groups, how the interaction affects human behavior and generally, how society develops and evolve (Allen et al., 2016). These are the basis of development of functionalist, conflict and interactionist theories in healthcare. A sociological approach based on the functionalist perspective clarifies the way in which the society is stratified to preserve its ability (Cooke Philpin, 2008). A functionalist perspective maintains that being sick must be regulated so that not too many individuals are released from the societal role within the same period (Cooke Philpin, 2008). If at all situation like this occur, society will lose balance, interfering with its stability and functionality. Talcott Parsons, a renowned sociologist for its contribution to the functionalist theory, explained the behavior that sick people should demonstrate (Cooke Philpin, 2008). It is also regarded as the sick role. In everyday occurrences, when people are suffering, they request for permission either in their workplaces or school to go home or seek medical intervention. When people have a role to play in the real world, they are obliged to recover from their sickness and get back to work or school. If in any case, the sick person fails to take the responsibility of trying to get better, either by not following the medical advice or is reluctant to get better, then the person is perceived as not sick, and therefore, do not fall under the ill role (Cooke Philpin, 2008). According to the Parsons theory, physicians are the gatekeepers for the sick role, whereas the doctors are responsible for checking the ill role and confirm the illness, and afterward, help them get well. (Rothman et al., 2008) At the end of the day, it is really up to the patient to seek physician's assistance and follow the doctor's instructions in order to get better (Rothman et al., 2008). In conflict perspective, sociological approach shoulders that social behavior is best comprehended when there is a struggle over limited resources between human groups (Rothman et al., 2008). From this perspective, inequities exist in the healthcare industry regarding service delivery. Most often than not, wealthy people would get better health care compared to the less fortunate in the society. Also, people from poor backgrounds are likely to contract illnesses, compared to their wealthy counterparts due to the environmental factors. When they seek medical assistance, the kind of poor service they receive makes it even harder for them to recover quickly. In some cases, the poor do not have the finances to seek for treatment (Cooke Philpin, 2008). An interactionist perspectives in sociology is based on the daily forms of social relations to clarify society as a whole (Cooke Philpin, 2008). From this point of view, patients are active, regularly seeking the service of a healthcare professional. Interaction perspective also takes into consideration how doctors became who they are to be in the healthcare profession (Cooke Philpin, 2008). Doctors go to medical school to gain medical facts before being acknowledged as "Doctors." As such, they command respect from the patients. This makes it convenient for the patients to follow the instructions of the doctor. (Cooke Philpin, 2008). An essential perspective in healthcare is the biomedical model, sometimes called biomechanical model of health. The model is defined as a precise extent of health and defines a disease as the inability of the body to perform its function normally due to a biological breakdown. The model considers the patient as a body distinct from the mind and external consideration that can be handled and explored for treatment, according to the United States National Research Council (1997). The treatment, therefore, lies dominantly in the hands of the medical professionals and takes place in a medical set up. The biomedical model considers biological factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of exercises as absolute causes of ill health. The model insists that medical practitioners with proper training are the only proper personnel that can deal with sick people (Gaharian et al., 2017). Doctors have power in the biomechanical model and are in a position to maintain it that way. The primary advantage of the model is that it shows a clear guidance for treatment of the patient. Also, much scientific research support this model, most of which are unbiased and verified beyond reasonable doubt. Based on the interactionist perspective of sociological study, patients and doctors negotiate a diagnosis (Cooke Philpin, 2008). This may lead to a conflict (conflict perspective) between doctor's and patient's views regarding a proper diagnosis. From the functionalist point of view, the doctor is obligated to confirm the sickness; therefore, the doctors have social control, and this approach fit s well with the biomedical model (Gaharian et al., 2017). However, environmental and social changes also contribute to illness, which is not accounted for in the biomedical model. Social and ecological factors are important in pointing out the real source of diseases, hence, preventing re-occurrences of the same illness (Wade Halingan, 2004). The biomedical model is ineffective in a way that a patient may recover from the sickness through medical intervention, while the underlying problem still exists. For instance, treating cholera without improvement in sanitation and hygiene. Power and hierarchy are also left out in the biomedical model. According to the Marxism movement established by Karl Max Frederick Angels in 1880s, medicine operates in favor of the controlling groups in the society (Pelzang, 2011). Marxist believes that capitalist society profit is more valued than the people and healthcare they are given. The objective of the medicine is just to keep people fit enough to continue working for the capitalist (Pelzang, 2011). Also, the government does not address core social aspects and inadequate healthcare, and industries are allowed to continue making profits from the products that are harmful to the health of people, such as tobacco, alcohol, and cigarettes (Wade Halingan, 2004). Furthermore, unequal distribution of resources among the societal groups, place the wealthy individuals at upper hand of getting better health care. Although structural functionalism perceives social hierarchy as a practical feature of a multifaceted society in which a standard value regulates stability and social command, conflict theory reasons that scarce resources is the leading cause of competition. Social structures explain that people who have access to the scars resources will seek to keep the hierarchy, hence, conflict theorists predict that social occur due to revolution instead of evolution (Cockerham, 2014). Cockerham (2014) points out that conflict theory emphasizes the causes of illness in the economic setup and also on the competition about conflicting interest in the healthcare facilities. It is evident that conflict theory focuses its attention on the relationship between medicine and the social order. Conflict theory also brings out the disadvantaged position of women in the medical field regarding chauvinist treatment of women by physicians (Conrad et al., 2010). Another healthcare sector where privilege and po wer reside in the therapeutic division of labor and an imbalanced patient's outcome in marginalized groups in the society (Currie et al., 2012). Although analysis of racism, sex, and class in an individual analytic setup is perfect, the propensity to do away with all types of inequity and go back to the class-based understanding of power and hierarchy is better explained in the political economy approach (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). A political economy perspective maintains that under capitalism, an individual relation to the means of production is not only crucial in understanding the position they occupy in the hierarchy, but also estimating their health and wealth (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). The research establishes that etiology and spread of infectious and non-infectious diseases are directly related to the means of production. This social- class plotting of diseases occurrence, created the core of socio-economic stratification in understanding the living conditions of different societal groups, and the fact that treating the disease in itself cannot eradicate the re-occurrence of the illness. The purpose of the political economy approach is to help health professionals understand the illness as caused by also social factors and not to rely solely on the biomedical model for the complete eradication of the disease (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). The observation that a person's experience of illness and possibility of succumbing to death are directly related to the individual's position in the socio-economic hierarchy is the center of sociological inequities study. Marx anticipated a social class as a group of people who share similar conditions and situations, which might end up having an environmental effect on health. Familiarization with the group's interest enables class-consciousness, which can lead to a collective bargaining and therefore, action to upgrade group's attention (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). Marxist classified people into workers and owners while pointing out historical changes that resulted from the industrial revolution (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). This seems to be an out-of-date way to study health inequalities. A materialist approach insists on the ongoing interest in class-related health imbalances, but it has been upgraded a Weberian approach which sides with status rather than economic superiority should be used as a measure of social status (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). The primary guide to social classification is the one used in the Australia's national statistics office; National Statistics- Socioeconomic Classification' NS-SEC. According to NS-SEC, classification is determined by features of an individual's employment together with their place in the labor market (Boyer Lutfey, 2010). This guide tries to establish whether the job is skilled, casual or professional and the measure of power compared to other employees. This is regarded as an improvement of its anteceden t. Which mainly relied on the person's referral's ranking given to a specific profession about their general standing. (Weiss Lonnquist, 2015). Social capital is defined as a collective investment of persons in a society based on membership in groups, institutions, and networks, which serves as a measure of the degree of trust reciprocity in society (Gabe Monaghan, 2013). A high degree of income disparities among members of the societal groups reduces trust among the citizens, consequently degrading the social environment, and finally a person's health. A materialist approach emphasizes that a high degree of income inequity is directly related to poor health results due to minimal investment in infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, and housing that are important in sustaining the people's well-being (Gabe Monaghan, 2013). Over the past years, capitalism has modernized to an accident that the relevance of Marxist approach to the capitalism is jeopardized. Marxism movement approach is founded on the use-value, which should be modified to include the analysis of the production of services and products without favoring one party. In 1970, neo-conservative economic revolutions interfered with the initial groupings of the harmony, making it increasingly challenging to define people based on family, occupation, class or geographic origins (Alegria et al., 2011). In Australia, hierarchy, and power has influenced the enactment of tobacco smoking policy. The policy was put in place to regulate health complications such as liver cirrhosis that results from excess smoking. However, the implementation process has faced a lot of challenges, primarily from tobacco industries and its allies, who continue with the business at the expense of health complications the consumers are experiencing (Chapman Wakefield, 2001). This is fuelled by those in power, leaving the tobacco users at a great danger of health problems. Australian health practitioners are doing their best to treat these complications, but the fruit of their labor is not appreciated as the underlying problem (Tobacco distribution) remains unsolved. It is upon the government and the people holding a high position in the hierarchy to ensure that tobacco-free policy is fully executed in Australia (Studlar, 2005). This is a perfect example of the impact of power and stratification in medical s ociology and the limitation of biomedical model in addressing health issues. In conclusions, it is evident that hierarchy and power play a fundamental role in healthcare industry according to the sociological theories and concepts covered in this essay. The central part of this paper was seeking to understand the social processes that lead to inequalities in the healthcare industry and society in general. Despite significant changes in medical sociology since its introduction to the clinical field, many things remain unchanged regarding socio-economic configuration hierarchies, legislative and commercial medicinal functions. Medical sociology merit should have freedom of experiencing the excitement of scientific and technological innovation, without being limited by its constructive potential and keeping in check social justice implications. References Alegra, M., Pescosolido, B. A., Williams, S., Canino, G. (2011). Culture, race/ethnicity and disparities: Fleshing out the socio-cultural framework for health services disparities. In Handbook of the sociology of health, illness, and healing (pp. 363-382). Springer New York. Bottomore, T. B., Nisbet, R. A. (1978). A history of sociological analysis. New York: Basic Books. Boyer, C. A., Lutfey, K. E. (2010). Examining critical health policy issues within and beyond the clinical encounter: patient-provider relationships and help-seeking behaviors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S80-S93. Chapman, S., Wakefield, M. (2001). Tobacco control advocacy in Australia: reflections on 30 years of progress. Health Education Behavior, 28(3), 274-289. Cockerham, W. C. (2014). Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Conrad, P., Carr, P., Knight, S., Renfrew, M. R., Dunn, M. B., Pololi, L. (2010). Hierarchy as a barrier to advancement for women in academic medicine. Journal of women's health, 19(4), 799-805. Cooke, H., Philpin, S. M. (2008). Sociology in Nursing and Healthcare. London: Elsevier Health Sciences UK. Currie, G., Dingwall, R., Kitchener, M., Waring, J. (2012). Let's dance: organization studies, medical sociology and health policy. Social Science Medicine, 74(3), 273-280. Gabe, J., Monaghan, L. (2013). Key concepts in medical sociology. Sage. Goharian, A., Mohammed, R. A., Abdullah, M. R. (2017). Trauma plating systems: Biomechanical, material, biological, and clinical aspects. Grusky, D. B., Weisshaar, K. R. (2014). Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective. In Allen, D., In Braithwaite, J., In Sandall, J., In Waring, J. (2016). The sociology of healthcare safety and quality. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. National Research Council (U.S.). (1997). The use of multi-state life tables in estimating places for biomedical and behavioral scientists: A technical paper. Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: understanding patient-centred care. British journal of nursing, 19(14). Rothman, B. K., Armstrong, E. M., Tiger, R., Rothman, Barbara Katz. (2008). Bioethical Issues, Sociological Perspectives. Advances in Medical Sociology, Volume 9. Emerald Group Publishing. Studlar, D. T. (2005). The political dynamics of tobacco control in Australia and New Zealand: explaining policy problems, instruments, and patterns of adoption. Australian Journal of Political Science, 40(2), 255-274. Wade, D. T., Halligan, P. W. (2004). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 329(7479), 1398. Weiss, G. L., Lonnquist, L. E. (2015). Sociology of health, healing, and illness. Routledge.

Lincoln Could He Have Preserved The Union Essays -

Lincoln Could He Have Preserved the Union Lincoln Could He Have Preserved the Union From the time the South demanded the return of Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens, tension had been building in expectation of Lincoln's reply. The options available to Lincoln were limited, and those that were available were further limited by constraints of time and man-power. Lincoln's options were also limited by his goals. Lincoln had a set agenda, with preserving the Union at the head of the list. Lincoln also aimed to preserve Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens. Lincoln's most pressing goal was to instigate the war without seeming to be the aggressor. This proved to be the most difficult goal, because to achieve this, he had to know how far to push without seeming to push at all. An additional goal was to perhaps lure the border states onto the northern side. This was an important goal because it fell in line with Lincoln's un-hostile attitude. By being attacked first, he could say he was responding to an act of war on the United States. One of Lincoln's options was to sit by and do nothing. This was not really an option, however, because abandoning his soldiers at this fort would not only lower the morale of his entire army, but could also turn many of his supporters against him. So, needless to say, Lincoln could not really consider this as an option. Lincoln, for a time, also entertained the idea of compromise. The southern resolve was so concrete that this idea was abandoned rather quickly. Another idea, proposed by Secretary of State Seward, was to abandon Fort Sumter and concentrate on Fort Pickens. Lincoln did not accept this idea either, mainly because abandoning a fort anywhere in the South would recognize the South as an independent nation. Even so, Seward managed to get a force together, and taking one of the strongest ships in the United States Navy, went to Pickens anyway. One idea with similar traits was the idea to abandon both forts, leaving the South. Though open to consideration, this was not at all in line with Lincoln's thinking. Again this would recognize the South as an independent nation, which would finalize the secession. For lack of a better idea, some suggested the reinforcing of the forts, to protect them from bombardment. This idea was cast aside also, because, first of all, Fort Sumter lies in between two points of land, both protected by forts. To make this idea work, those forts would have to be taken, too. Lincoln could not amass the needed number of soldiers, either. Secondly, the thought of risking more lives on just a pile of rock in the middle of a harbor was not appealing. Considering the resolve of the Southern states, Lincoln for a while considered a military invasion. This, however, was not feasible. Lincoln's forces were so scattered, it would take weeks on end to produce enough soldiers to achieve this goal. An estimate by General in chief Scott suggested "5,000 regular troops and 20,000 volunteers." (Current 50) The time frame for collecting this number of soldiers was much greater than the supplies in Sumter could last. Fort Sumter was also reinforced by surrounding forts in Charleston Harbor, meaning a loss of soldiers could be expected also. Lincoln's most favored option, the one he eventually went with, was to take a non-aggressive force into the harbor, carrying supplies in to the short-rationed soldiers. Although Lincoln went in under peaceful pretenses, one could assume that he was attempting to achieve his goal of appearing to be the tormented, not the tormentor. His ploy worked, and the South did as predicted and fired upon the re-supply fleet. By achieving his non-aggressor goal, Lincoln also strengthened his case for winning the border states. Lincoln was faced with a dilemma when he had to decide between peace or unity. The southern resolve eliminated any chance of compromise, so Lincoln had to chose the route which seemed the best for the Union. He could not be seen as aggressive, because if he did he risked losing the support of the border states, which could reduce the Union to nothing. To reiterate, the southern states' hard nose attitude encouraged no deliberation, so no compromise could have ever been achieved. Lincoln, in light of this incident, might not be seen as your typical image of "Honest Abe", but he comes shining through as a great leader.

Unix.

Unix. UNIXThis is a review of Unix that was obtained from www.ugu.com.Unix is a multi-user and multitasking operating system that was developed in the early 1970's by scientists from Bell Laboratories. Because of federal regulations Bell Laboratories was prohibited from promoting UNIX in the commercial marketplace but instead licensed it to colleges and universities for a low fee. At the schools it was implemented on many different types of computers. After the deregulation of the phone companies in the 1980's UNIX was licensed to many hardware and software companies, which in turn created their own computer architectures and boosted many different strengths and features to suit their customers. In 1984 the concept of* "open systems" was developed which allowed application portability, system interoperability, and user portability between many different computer vendor hardware platforms. *TCP/IP networking protocols were also included to provide a multi-vendor networking capability based on Ethernet networking.UNIX Source Code* This included remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, and other important features.*UNIX is so popular because of its small amount of code written in assembly language that makes it easy for vendors to get it running on their system, the interface allows different types of applications to easily be implemented without writing assembly language, and vendor-independent networking allows users to easily network from multiple systems.Today UNIX is available for computers of all sizes and is capable of handling a high volume of transactions in a multi-user environment and is able to work with multiple CPUs using multiprocessing. It is also most often used on workstations and servers.Unix does have some weaknesses, one of which is that it has a command line interference, and many of its commands are hard to remember and use. Some versions of UNIX offer graphical user interface to reduce this problem.

30 Powerful Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Full List 2017

30 Powerful Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Full List 2017 Compare and contrast essay topics. The list is formed by our writers to help you with ideas for your own topic to compare and contrast. Compare and contrast essay is a piece of writing that requires you to analyze an object or a phenomenon and points out its similarities and/or discrepancies. A full article about compare and contrast essay might be of use to you as well. Selecting a topic for a compare and contrast essay is a relatively easy task, especially if you are not limited to a single subject or area. However as it often happens, when you are assigned a paper, you are out of ideas and/or whatever you have simply doesn’t fit your initial requirement. Murphy laws dont cease to work, do they? Buy Compare-Contrast Essay from You can find great essay ideas right on this page; you can also purchase your essay from a writing service like ours. Getting your paper written by will get you a top quality product, written from scratch to meet your academic needs. As soon as you order your paper online, everything will be done for your convenience: we will pick the best writer to work on your paper, our customer support team will be working to assist you 24/7 and we will maintain contact with you throughout the writing process. We will give you best customer service, working on your comparison and contrast essay round the clock. If you are ready to place your order, our team of professional writers is ready to assist you. HOW TO WRITE A COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY Below is a great list of topics  written by our professional writers to help you with ideas for your compare and contrast essay. Top 30 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics General Topics Compare the functions of accountants of the early 19th and 20th century. Have they changed? What are the core differences in the policy of President Obama and President Bush, Jr.? Compare and contrast the teachings of Allah, Buddha, and Jesus. Would you prefer to spend a vacation somewhere in the wild or in a 5-star hotel? What makes the difference? How is your college experience different from high school? What is better – an American or a Japanese car? Biology What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium? Compare an orange to a tangerine. Compare DNA sequences of chimps and humans. What are the similarities and what are the differences? Compare cell division (mitosis) to cell replication. Which is ‘more effective’ and why? What features make humpback whales mammals and not fish? Computers IT Compare and contrast capacities of the first Apple Macintosh 1980 and modern day MacBook Air. Compare and contrast features of Apple iPad 2 and Apple iPad 3. What are the differences between Windows 7 and Windows 8? Name three basic similarities and differences between Google Android and iOS. Compare SSD hard drives to traditional hard drives. Which would you buy? Management Compare autocratic to democratic styles of management. Which is more effective to overcome a crisis? What are the differences between strategic and tactical management? What are the differences between management and leadership? Compare management by the  objective to management by exception. Compare management and administration. Marketing Compare the marketing and sales. Compare marketing techniques used in two organizations (Pepsi vs. Coca Cola, BMW vs. Mercedes, McDonalds vs KFC). Compare marketing automation vendors Compare two marketing research companies. What are their main differences and similarities? Art Compare two paintings by Pablo Picasso and Alberto Morocco. Take a poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost. Compare major themes, setting and plot to the author’s life experience. Compare the statue of David by Bernini and Michelangelo. Compare Roman and Greek architecture. Compare music of Renaissance and Baroque. In case you are still having problems looking for an effective compare and contrast essay, let us know and we will be happy to assist. We employ a big team of professional writers who are able to write at any quality level, ranging from high school to Ph.D. What’s more, they have successfully completed thousands of compare and contrast essay and know what it takes to write effectively on any topic.

Auditing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Auditing - Literature review Example lified public accountant to an organization during the period of the audit engagement but are not connected to an audit or checking of an organizations financial statement. Auditor’s independence is the foundation of the auditing profession (Miettinen, 2008). Non-audit services largely affect the auditor’s independence. Due to the non-audit, services conducted in an organization, the accuracy of the information given by the auditors’ will increase compared to when they give information without non-audit services being done (Adelopo, 2012). There also exists a relationship between non-audit service fees and auditing quality. Non-audit services increase the quality of auditing in any organization (Reckers, 2003). The quality of auditing is increased, as the auditors are aware that the documents in the organization have been scrutinized. Since the no-audit service and auditors pass through the information, number of errors containing the information is reduced (Beattie, Fearnley, and Hines, 2011). Non-audit services and auditing independence are somehow related. The non-audit services affect the independence of auditing directly as they affect how the audit is carried out. The practices are similar as both try to improve the quality of information given by scrutinizing the information of the financial statements and the report given to shareholders (Dunne and Morris, 2008). Strohm, C. (2006). United States and European Union auditor independence regulation implications for regulators and auditing practice. Wiesbaden, Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag.

Business of Entertaiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business of Entertaiment - Essay Example Equity has experience and a long history of espousing the performers' causes. Its contribution to the film industry is noteworthy, especially considering the tremendous availability of manpower in the industry where jobs and openings are sought after by ambitious, glamour-hungry young adults. However, in recent times, Equity seems to be flourishing in the United States while floundering in the United Kingdom. Although Equity in Britain continues to paint a rosy picture about its activities, it is silent on the issue of the future of the British film industry. It has not provided any statistics about its role in the rise or turnaround of the film industry in any part of the world. The British film industry is going through a critical phase with the number of films produced dropping over the past several years from the turn of the century. Uncertainty in tax legislations for relief is largely being blamed for the downturn. Competition from Hollywood is another factor held responsible for the debacle. In such uncertain situation, it is too much to expect Equity to come to the aid of its members holding jobs and contracts in the British film industry. Even if Equity makes an attempt it will be only a token measure aimed at assuaging the members. For the industry to make a come back, the collective will of the whole enterprise must focus on win-win situation for everyone. The stars are satisfied with compensation, the employees with their wages, and the promoter with his unit's performance. 4. The Demand Curve for Actors The demand for actors is constantly changing. It depends on the number of hits scored during a year. The British film industry has been lagging for external and internal reasons. The main external reason has been uncertainty about tax relief, and the internal one has been failure of the film industry to produce box office hits and competition from Hollywood. It is also the inability of British film industry to capitalize on technological innovations through personalities and programs that has actors of all hues in a tight corner. The media's exclusive coverage of Britney Spear's frailties and foibles and similar negative presentation of performing artists seems to have evoked some kind of revulsion for the film fraternity in the public eye. The cine celebrities cannot be devoid of human frailties and foibles.The media's role is to blame to some extent for the dismal state of affairs of the British film industry. Even if a Britney Spears has to be featured in the paper every other day, there is the responsibility to ensure a fair deal both for the unfortunate

Life Is What You Make It Essay Example for Free

Life Is What You Make It Essay It When thinking about my view of the world, there is a jumble of different philosophies, beliefs, and ideas going on in my head. There is so much to take into consideration, and it seems that everything is connected but also scattered in a way that it is hard to really be able to dig deep and explain on paper what my worldview is. After many headaches and deep thoughts, I boiled it down to the things that I could not get out of my head. No matter how hard I tried, I could not get rid of these thoughts when thinking about what to say. These key parts of my worldview are that I believe in the theory of evolution and the big bang theory, not that God created Earth. I believe there is not a higher figure that determines where you go when you die. I also believe in a person’s right to make choices regarding their own life. Although my values and beliefs may have been shaped from the people around me, I feel that I have values and beliefs that are truly my own and are not what other’s want me to value and believe in. One of the first things that comes to my mind when hearing the word worldview, is my view on whether or not there is a god and an afterlife. When I was a baby, I was baptised in the Catholic church,but I do not attend church on a weekly basis, and never have. Because of never going to church, I have very little knowledge of the Bible, and the beliefs of Catholicism. Having this little knowledge about religion versus the facts that I have learned in science class makes it very easy for me to believe in the scientific theory of evolution. I have a hard time believing that God created Earth and all its creatures, and even that there is a God. Which leads me into my view on afterlife and how you get there. I believe that there is somewhere you go when you die. I do not believe that you just rot in the ground. However, I do not necessarily think that it is heaven and hell, but I’m not quite sure what it is yet. As far as getting to the afterlife, I do not believe that there is one figure deciding where you go when you die based on the way you lived your life. Since my values were not based on religion, I believe in the freedom for a person’s right to choose regarding their life and death. Abortion, assisted suicide, homo and heterosexuality are all examples of the freedom of choices that I believe in. I think people have the right to make their own choices regarding their personal life, without the judgement from God or even other people. Another very strong value that I have is that I think it is wrong to judge someone based on their skin color, religion, body type, sexuality and even the opinions they have. I think that it is right to abide by rules and laws. If the majority of our society did not follow the laws that we have, America would be in chaos. I like the idea of a democracy, that everyone who wants a say gets one, but yet there is a group of people who keep society organized. In my opinion, my values, beliefs and what I think is right and wrong have been shaped from different influences. Obviously, the first influence came from my parents. Growing up in their household has definitely shaped my beliefs. For example, my parents taught me to abide by the rules given to you. But there are also some things that I do not agree with my parents on. For example, my father thinks being gay is wrong, I strongly disagree with that. Another factor influencing my values and beliefs is my peers. My values resemble my closest friends’ values and beliefs and because we have common views and that is why we are so connected. I grew accustomed to their values and beliefs because of being around my friends so often. In conclusion, my worldview is that there is no higher figure that determines your fate during life and when you die. Each individual personally has the right to make choices regarding his or her own destiny in life. I believe that my knowledge from science classes taught me that the Earth was created because of a big bang in the universe which is more powerful than my knowledge of how God created Earth and it’s species. My values and beliefs are truly my own, yet they would not be the same if I did not have the guidance and knowledge from my parents and peers.

Essay --

Sustainability is defined as the ability to be sustain, support, uphold, or confirm which my group and I were able to present during our presentation. We were assigned to 13.53 acres of land, ten single family homes, two sets of five townhouses, food and a playground. Our land had one identifiable feature which was a stream that ran around the length of our property and crossed over occasionally. We made sure that our power lines were underground and that during construction we put in drainage ditches. Our ten single family homes carried around thirty people who would live in them. Our two sets of five townhouses carried around twenty people who would also live in them. Each single family would have three solar panels. Each townhouse would have fifteen solar panels, and all houses would carry compost toilets. Lastly, our playground is right around the corner from our housing complex. The playground is also completely made from recycled material. Instead of using things to power up out energy we would use natural resources to power up things in order for it to be beneficial. Our 100...

The Influence of the Video Game in Children

The influence of the video game in children A. Violence. 1. Criminal behavior. 2. Disrespect for the authority and law. 3. Use and abuse of drugs and alcohol. B. Sex. Content 1. Abuse of toward women 2. Use of foul language and obscene behavior. 3. Category of the Video game C. Murders. 1. Killing people. 2. Killing animals. 3. Emotional effects. Conclusion. ?Did you know that in 1980 the video games transformed in a phenomenon that revolutionized around the world?Not mention has become a popular activity for people of all ages. As a result the video game is a multibillion dollar company and many children spend large amounts of time playing them and these create bad behavior and studies demonstrate that the children imitate the violence that they see. In the last years if has been shown an increase of rebel children due to the content in the video game they play such as violence, sex content and murders.The influence of the video games in the children has effects with the time. The c hildren who are exposed to violent spectacles can manage to be more aggressive and acquire a criminal behavior where they interact and answer with violence in his social environment. Also the video games transmit values that impact and impress the children and this creates rebellious behaviors and they do not respect the authorities and the laws.For this reason, they create bad vices as the abuse of the drugs and the alcohol to an early age. Another important point is the sexual content that these video games have. Many video games are related to sexual activities since they have not been designed for minors of 18-year-old. Often we see that these games insult and abuse to the woman and induce to the mistreatment and to the use of bad words and obscenities and as consequence is altered the normal and emotional ripeness of the children.Without mentioning that each video game in the part of behind of the box describes that we will find in the game and type of content already be of sex ual character. As an example of video game with sexual content are God of War and Assassin Creed. The murder to persons or animals is common in the video games. The only aim is to struggle and to obtain the major punctuation; nevertheless, this affects negatively the physical, mental, emotional development, and the social environment of the children.As result, it borders the time in order that the children and teenagers make other healthy and productive activities. Considering all these things is the responsibility of the parents to form his children in order that they are good persons for the society. Some children can involve so much in the video game and this creates an addiction and brings big consequences as lower qualifications, overweight, they happen less time with his families and finally they create aggressive behaviors.Also it is a duty of the parents in supervise his children and to know the content of the video games and of being informed what this being bought for his children since a market exists with thousands of video games and many of these have a bad content for his age. The most advisable thing is that the parents feel to playing with his children who interact with them, the parents need motivate his children in participate of other activities and the parents will have achieving a better communication and the safety of which his young minds are not corrupt with video games.

Dance in my life Essay

Ever since I was a little girl dance has always been an important part of my life. When I was five, my mom enrolled me in dancing classes after my sister, never realizing that dancing would ever lead to anything serious. For the first year, dancing was a side hobby to help keep me busy after school. Even though dancing was really fun to me, it did not become serious until my dance teacher looked me in my eyes and said â€Å"Lexus you have a big and lovable heart and I want you to dance with that heart of yours because I know that you have what it takes to become a great dancer.† That moment I knew that dance was going to always be a passion of mine. Over the years dance has helped me to grow in other ways. From it I have learned that hard work really does pay off. I learned that discipline and self-control are not only a vital part of dancing, but a necessary part of life. Also, I have recognized that motivation and perseverance are keys to success. What matters is not who wins in the beginning, but who is still on her feet in the end. Perhaps the most important lesson dance has taught is responsibility. Kaleidoscope has helped me in a lot of areas; even though I am small and tiny, I am very athletic, strong and I have a high self-esteem that anything is possible as long as you put your heart to it. I am encouraged now more than ever to try my best in class even if I look stupid because practice makes perfect. Becoming a Kaleidoscope officer hasn’t been a dream of mine till this year. Last year I thought I didn’t have what it took to become one, but this year, seeing how much you encouraged me to become a better dancer, it encouraged me to become a better person. When I tried out for Kaleidoscope, I wasn’t expecting to make it because I wasn’t in a dance class and I didn’t know Mrs. Karl personally at all. One day after school my friend told me to try out with her because she was scared to try out by herself. When I walked into the dance room I would have never thought I would be staying in that dance room. When I tried out, I took it as if god was giving me a chance to dance again and to fulfill a dream of mine. The term leader is someone who is in an advanced position to take the initiative in order to go forth and show the way but also to be able to make intelligent and creative decisions quickly and efficiently. Dance teams are all about unity. An exceptional dance group glides across the floor with all of its dancers moving as one. There are no individual standouts. No weak links. But there is one person whose job is to make the team as strong as  possible, on the floor and off. It’s one thing to be a good team player, but it’s another to be a good leader. Few will have the opportunity to feel the weight of the responsibilities and the happiness of knowing you are making a difference. Becoming a leader of any type of organization in my eyes is a huge job. It’s teaching respect by showing respect. It’s helping the other dancers, including myself, to strive and push themselves to be the best dancers I know we all can be. Having the title of being a Kaleidoscope Officer doesn’t mean being the boss of everyone, being in front of every dance, or just thinking that the Officer should come before everyone else. Officers are the inspiration of the team. They’re the person that everyone looks up to. Being a natural born leader is also a big role of a dance team. That means having self-confidence, good communication skills, courage, clear desire to make progress towards a goal, and a fair degree of understanding your fellow teammates. Being a leader requires focus on the big picture, doing what’s best for your team even on your worst days. If you’re negative, the team will take on the same attitude, even if everyone else has had a great day. As Officer of your dance team, I’ll definitely encounte r some sticky situations, like have to confront one of my teammates when they aren’t practicing full-out or not trying they’re hardest.

Research Paper Sample on Abortion Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion

Research Paper Sample on Abortion Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion There is an increasing number of abortion cases throughout the world. Just take into consideration the numbers: 56 million induced abortions occur each year worldwide; 64% of all global abortions (i.e. about 36 million) occur in Asia; About 879,000 abortions took place in the United States in 2017. Additionally, you can get familiar with worldwide abortion statistics closer to estimate the scale of the problem the problem when more and more women tend to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive. However, it isn’t always a problem but a necessity for a woman. Plunge into the research process on this topic and come up with results with the help of this article it consists of useful information to include in your research paper on abortion. Research Paper Introduction What Is the Research Problem? What Is Abortion? Abortion is the termination of pregnancy. It is the removal of the fetus before it is viable. It is usually done before the fetus gets to 25 weeks old. It is either spontaneous or induced abortion. In developed countries, abortion is legal whereas most developing countries do not encourage and permit abortion. This brings about the differences in safe and unsafe abortions. For example, unsafe abortion accounts for over 70,000 maternal deaths worldwide. Abortion has a long history. In the past, it was done with the help of crude tools such as sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. With the advancement in the field of medicine, contemporary methods of abortion are now used: Medication abortion involves taking medicines to end a pregnancy. A surgical abortion is meant to use medical instruments to remove the pregnancy. The Status of Abortion in the World Each country in the world has different legality, cultural and religious statuses and prevalence of abortion. The ethical principles towards abortion and the removal of pregnancies also vary. Countries such as the United States of America and Britain have heated politics surrounding the issue of abortion in pro-life and pro-choice campaigns. Most governments in the developed countries have legalized abortion. Many developing and underdeveloped countries have not legalized abortion and have no control over what is done by the medical personnel. Abortion and childbirth complications have been the leading causes of maternal deaths the world over. With the advent of the 21st century, maternal deaths have declined. This has been attributed to education on family planning as well as the use of contraceptives. The Discussion Part of a Research Paper What to Cover? Induced abortion A third of pregnancies occurring in the world today are unintended. A fifth of these pregnancies ends up in induced abortion. Induced abortion is the forceful removal of the fetus from the womb of the mother. The gestation age of the fetus is the determining factor of what procedures could be used to conduct the abortion. The procedure is also limited by the legality of abortion in that country, doctor-patient preference and the regional availability of such services. Induced abortion is either therapeutic or elective. Therapeutic abortion is done by medical personnel in an effort to save the lives of patients. Patients suffering from such things as illnesses, multiple pregnancies and complications could have this procedure done on them to avoid having complications at childbirth that may lead to loss of life. Elective abortion is done at the request of the woman. This is usually done for non-medical reasons. Spontaneous Abortion It is commonly referred to as miscarriages. They are unintentional. They usually occur before the 20th and 24th week. Many pregnancies are usually lost before doctors are aware of the presence of an embryo in the uterus. Spontaneous abortion is caused by chromosomal abnormalities, vascular diseases, diabetes, infections, uterus abnormalities and trauma among others. The most frequent causes of spontaneous abortion are age and a history of spontaneous abortions. Accidents and trauma have also been linked with the high rates of miscarriages among women. 6 Causes of Abortion Abortion is caused by a myriad of factors among them social, religious and economic factors. The society’s desire for convenience has been a factor influencing the rates of abortion. Children and pregnancy are seen as a hindrance to a lot of fun and pleasure. One would easily remove the pregnancy in pursuit of this pleasure. The society accepts this circumstance and even encourages it by allowing governments to legalize abortion. The lack of respect for life is a religious factor toward promoting abortion. People no longer appreciate new life forms. One would not think twice before doing an abortion. Raging debates have come up suggesting that a foetus is not a life form until it is born. Such debates could easily change people’s mindsets to disregard life. Economic issues including poverty and insufficient funding have promoted abortion. Many young mothers have opted to do an abortion citing the inability to take care of the child once it is born. Usually, such young girls do not have an income to support themselves leave the unborn child. Stigma has contributed a lot in ensuring that abortion becomes a common thing. Girls who get pregnant while still very young get criticism, especially in developing countries. In most cultures, such a thing was unheard of. It was unheard of for one to get a child outside marriage. If one would have such a child, she would be excommunicated. Developing countries have not fully come out of this and girls who get pregnant whilst young are looked upon as ill-mannered individuals. Rape has been a big reason why people abort their children. When rape has occurred, and one does not intend to keep the pregnancy, she would choose not to keep the baby. The experience of being raped is too big a burden that the evidence of such an ordeal in the form of a child would not be acceptable. Many girls would quickly abort to rid themselves of this psychological trauma. Young girls have a better chance of furthering their education once they get rid of the child. In African countries, for instance, a young girl getting pregnant means that she has to be married off immediately. This would ruin her chances of ever getting formal education again. Getting rid of the baby provides an easier way out in the quest for education and a brighter future. 2 Methods Used to Carry Out Abortion There are two main methods used during abortions i.e. use of the abortion pill and surgical removal. The abortion pill is used for pregnancies up to nine weeks old. A combination of two drugs is taken. They are taken within 48 hours. The effect of the drugs is that the womb contracts and sheds its lining. The process is painful. This pain is experienced on the lower abdomen. It may cause diarrhea and vomiting. Surgical removal can be done when the foetus is at 13 to 14 weeks. A sterile tube is inserted through the cervix and into the uterus. Suction is done pulling out all the materials in the uterus. The woman may leave the hospital the same day after the procedure has been done. At 14 and 15 weeks, surgical dilation is done using forceps to remove the unwanted foetus. 3 Common Complications of Abortion The most common is bleeding. Bleeding occurs normally for a few weeks. It decreases as one nears weeks 5 and 6. In cases of excessive bleeding, there are chances that the uterus may not have been emptied completely. Pelvic inflammatory disease. This disease affects the vaginal area. The vagina produces an unpleasant vaginal discharge. The body temperature of the individual rises, and she experiences severe abdominal pains. Inflammation may happen in the womb due to emptying problems. It may be caused because the womb had not been completely emptied. This would require that a new evacuation be done for the woman. Pain is a normal problem for the abortion process. It is often relieved by using painkillers. In instances where there is excessive pain, one should consult the doctor to have her uterus rechecked. The uterus may be punctured especially during surgical termination of pregnancy. The tools used may create a hole in the uterus causing complications. Such a patient is kept in the hospital for observation and check up. 5 Advantages of Abortion Abortion gives a chance to young women especially those below the age of 21 years to pursue their education. A young girl caught in a situation where she has to carry the child to term will mean that she cannot do anything else. She would have to stop learning at some point to address the needs of the child. Most likely, she would have to stop schooling all together to take care of the child. By getting rid of the foetus, she is able to continue pursuing her educational needs. Abortion has been of help to women with health issues. Women with diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and sickle cell anemia have been able to avoid serious medical complications that arise from childbirth through abortions. Such complications could easily lead to loss of life. Usually, a doctor may prescribe such a procedure when he realizes that the life of the mother is in danger. Abortion gives women an identity. In the chauvinistic societies, women have no power at all over their reproductive sense. The inculcation of abortion into laws and codes of ethics has helped the women by giving them power over their sexuality. Abortion has been used to control family size. Parents have used abortion as a way to reduce the number of children that they may get. They would discuss whether they wanted the baby or not and would remove it in case they do not want it. This helps regulate the number of children and aids in family planning. Abortion is done by rape victims who have found solace in the fact that they could easily remove such children that would arise from such action. Rape victims would not want to keep the baby because of psychological trauma that they would associate this child to. Removal of the child would remain the best option to end this. 6 Disadvantages of Abortion Abortion indicates brutality to the unborn child. This is because abortion is killing. It does not give the new foetus a chance to survive. It is hinged on religion, which condemns the act saying that all are equal before Almighty. The spiritual books go against the very idea of abortion. Abortion encourages infidelity by women. Women would engage in sexual acts outside the marriage context with the view that they would remove such fetuses if they happened to implant themselves in their uterus. Once a woman gets pregnant, she would easily remove the pregnancy and continue with her life. Abortion has the potential of lessens chances of a woman getting a child later in life. Abortion interferes with the uterine wall. At other instances, it may lead to total damage to the uterus. This would result in bareness hence a woman would not get a child when she needs it later in her life. Such actions may also cause hormonal imbalances that could be attributed to the barren nature of the women later in their lives. Abortion promotes irresponsible behavior. This is because it gives women and men alike the freedom to commit careless sexual activities. This is because they know that they could easily get rid of the pregnancy if they so wish to. This freedom makes them care less about their sexuality. Concurrent abortions may lead to medical complications. Some of these complications include uterine infections, recurrent miscarriages, and sepsis among others. Consistent use of such methods causes the hormones to change. This means that the hormones are tuned to a program where they cannot sustain a full pregnancy to term. The body gets used to rejecting any pregnancy hence the case of consistent miscarriages may pop up. Abortion may end up causing psychological impairments. Examples of this include depression and guilt. Some women may feel depressed after losing their baby. This could be the case especially if the child was their first and the abortion was done as a medical thing that they had no control over. Continuous miscarriages may cause such individuals to stress and eventual depression. This would ultimately affect the biology of the mother affecting the subsequent pregnancies. This is because the brain would have been tuned to reject any pregnancies due to such depression. Conclusion And So What in the Final Count? Abortion is a social, medical and a religious issue. It is entrenched into the legal laws of every country in the world in one way or another. It has a place in the lives of individuals directly or indirectly. Ethical values arise out of such deeds as abortion that determines the direction that one chooses. Other mechanisms that control abortion include the legal and religious aspects of society. Providing the necessary support in the form of financial aid and psychological support to mothers contemplating abortion could serve as the best way to curb such deaths resulting from abortion. There are advantages and disadvantages of abortion of almost equal measure. Abortion presents a double-edged sword in its advantages and disadvantages to individuals and society. It should be after careful consideration that abortion should be done.

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems The ballad is at the intersection of poetry and song, from traditional folk ballads crystallizing out of the mists of ancient oral traditions to modern literary ballads in which poets use the old narrative forms to retell traditional legends or to tell stories of their own.   The Evolution of Balladry A ballad is simply a narrative poem or song, and there are many variations on balladry. Traditional folk ballads began with the anonymous wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages, who handed down stories and legends in these poem-songs, using a structure of stanzas and repeated refrains to remember, retell, and embellish local tales. Many of these folk ballads were collected in the 17th and 18th centuries by scholars like Harvard professor Francis James Child and poets like  Robert Burns  and Sir Walter Scott. Two of the ballads in this collection are examples of this type of traditional ballad, anonymous retellings of local legends: the spooky fairy tale â€Å"Tam Lin† and â€Å"Lord Randall,† which reveals the story of a murder in the question-and-answer dialogue between a mother and son. Folk ballads also told love stories both tragic and happy, tales of religion and the supernatural, and recountings of historical events. After the 16th-century invention of inexpensive printing, ballads moved from the oral tradition onto newsprint.  Broadside ballads  were â€Å"poetry as news,† commenting on the events of the day- although many of the older traditional folk ballads were also distributed as broadsides in print. Literary Ballads by Known Poets In the 18th and 19th centuries, Romantic and Victorian poets took hold of this folk-song form and wrote literary ballads, telling their own stories, as Robert Burns did in â€Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† and Christina Rossetti did in â€Å"Maude Clare†- or reimagining old legends, as Alfred, Lord Tennyson did with part of the Arthurian story in â€Å"The Lady of Shalott.† Ballads carry tales of tragic romance (Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee†), of the honor of warriors (Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Ballad of East and West†), of the despair of poverty (William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Ballad of Moll  Magee†), of the secrets of brewing (Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend†), and of conversations across the divide between life and death (Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Her Immortality†). The ballads combination of narrative propulsion implied melody (ballads are often and very naturally set to music), and archetypal stories are irresistible.    The Varied Structures of Ballads Most ballads are structured in short stanzas, often the quatrain form that has come to be known as â€Å"ballad measure†- alternating lines of  iambic  tetrameter (four stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and iambic trimeter (three stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM), rhyming the second and fourth lines of each stanza. Other ballads combine the four lines into two, forming rhymed couplets of seven-stress lines that are sometimes called â€Å"fourteeners.† But the word â€Å"ballad† refers to a general type of poem, not necessarily a fixed poetic form, and many ballad poems take liberties with the ballad stanza or abandon it altogether. Examples of Ballads In chronological order, some classic ballads are as follows; Anonymous, â€Å"Tam Lin† (traditional folk ballad, written down by James Child in 1729)Anonymous, â€Å"Lord Randall† (traditional ballad published by Sir Walter Scott in 1803)Robert Burns, â€Å"John Barleycorn: A Ballad† (1782)Robert Burns,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† (1795)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† (1798)William Wordsworth, â€Å"Lucy Gray, or Solitude† (1799)John Keats,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci† (1820)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Ballad of the Dark Ladie† (1834)Alfred, Lord Tennyson, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† (1842)Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† (1849)Christina Rossetti, â€Å"Maude Clare† (1862)Algernon Charles Swinburne, â€Å"A Ballad of Burdens† (1866)Christina Rossetti,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Ballad of Boding† (1881)Rudyard Kipling, â€Å"The Ballad of East and West† (1889)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Ballad of M oll Magee† (1889)Robert Louis Stevenson, â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend† (1890)Oscar Wilde, â€Å"The Ballad of Reading Gaol† (1898)Thomas Hardy, â€Å"Her Immortality† (1898)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Host of the Air† (1899) Ezra Pound, â€Å"Ballad of the Goodly Fere† (1909)

Management Role-Perception, Attitude, and Vaules Essay

Management Role-Perception, Attitude, and Vaules - Essay Example Considering the articulations from Robbins, the extent that influencing work environment values which are helpful for an organization on hierarchical practices is concerned, the capacity of workers inside an organization and improved work environment upgrades worker gainfulness. For instance, standard well-being offices will secure the life of the specialists. In the event of any danger at work they have some confirmation of some wage. This guaranteed salary has a tendency to minimize any inhibitory reasons for alarm of the laborers giving themselves completely to their work (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Administration Role-Perception, Attitude, and Values are the center explanations that comes as a consequence of viable coordination of a given association administration. In todays working environment, representatives need to enhance their information and aptitudes consistently to have the capacity to perform their occupations. Henceforth, pioneers of associations are looking to apply the best preparing systems to guarantee greatest execution and gainfulness. The coordination of an association executes all the bearings according to the administration for success. For this to be considered, the administration continues redesigning its administrations and also giving preparing to its representatives to improvement of an

Labor Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Economics - Research Paper Example No matter how effective the human resource managers are in the selection and recruitment process, it appears that they still have to invest in employee training to optimize employee productivity. The essence of this article is to carry out an analysis of the two sources of employee knowledge and to provide a fact-based reaction on the same. Employee training refers to the provision of extra education to employees after the recruitment process as a way of enhancing their productivity by equipping them with knowledge that is relevant to the organizational activities. On the other hand, on-school training refers to the kind of knowledge that potential employees gain in school depending on the subjects and the topics they pursue in part of their career specialization. Most economists have failed to reach a concession on which of the two is more effective or which would be more beneficial to the organization in terms of profit turnover. Dostie (2008) is one of the researchers who have eng aged in an empirical research to investigate the effectiveness of the two sources of employee knowledge. The findings of her research indicate that there is a particular advantage in obtaining employees with proper school training rather than investing on on-job-training. It is indisputable to appreciate that each of the two types of training has its pros and cons and as it seems both are important to the firm. In supporting school training, Dostie (2008) points out that the subjects provided in school are optimized and are best suited for diversified for job opportunities. Consequently, employees will have a good background that will enhance their productivity while in the employment sector. In addition, employees who have adequate training will require little adapting to various work environments much quicker and hence reach the expected production rate almost after they are assimilated in the company. However, the major weakness in school trained employees is that they have littl e diversified knowledge while companies have specific operational activities that may be unique from one organization to the other. In short, although school training outputs an effective labor force, they may have shortfalls in terms of specialization and work orientation. On the other hand, the on-job-training is efficient in orienting new employees to the specific tasks that they are supposed to undertake in an organization. The strength of worker training lies in its ability to model the employees to fit their job description more efficiently and quickly whose cumulative effect is to improve their productivity. However, Dostie (2008) points out that employee training consume a lot of company capital that cannot be recovered by the impact of the process on employee productivity. From this point of view, on-job-training may have a negative impact on the turnover value of the company, which is contrary to the company’s aim of effecting this strategy (Goux & Maurin 12). In es sence, employee productivity can only be measured from their net contribution to the revenue turnover of the firm at the end of the fiscal year rather than their gross production rate. The main goal of any organization is to achieve maximum profits by optimizing employee productivity and minimizing the expenditure in terms of either salary or other priced business operations. The graph below

Propsal Essay revison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propsal revison - Essay Example The immediate effects anticipated in these circumstances are extreme reduction in the ingenuity and creativity among the working group often leading to lower productivity levels. Such type of situations could also result in the lowering loyalty to their task that ultimately causes radical reduction in the profits. Various successful initiatives have been reported across the world towards the retention rate of the employees in the organizations, ex: study at NASA. The aerospace industry faces Herculean tasks of retaining a satisfied team with very few graduating into the employment scene from the schools. Therefore the committed and capable team being forced to look out for alternate employment the shortage of adequate talent and high pressures on meeting the specific business targets. The research on NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre shows that practicing appropriate and innovative ways to retain their employs is fruitful (Herdey et al, 2008). Ineffective understanding and communication are the reasons that often turn employees restless and lead to disastrous outputs. Such a scenario finally ends in job switching, where he hopes to have better environment of work. To take hold of such migration across organizations, different techniques are practiced to boost motivation. And from a large pool of different methods, incentive systems are found to be most widely practiced. But most often the incentive systems make the employees to orient them towards the inventive component rather than achieving organizational goal. Also, an effective incentive, that promotes retention, drastically varies across persons, teams, companies, organizations and customers (Pavla, 2002). Quanta Energized Services, largest electric service contractor which provides total system solutions to the new challenges emerging in the electrical utilities sector resulting from deregulation and open transmission. The major business activities are related to the maintenance,

Systemic-Functional Grammar

Systemic-Functional Grammar News is a special approach to report or comment the latest and important facts. Its purpose is to influence the Mass Public Opinion. The definition of the news demonstrates that news is the fact, different from the fabrication of literature. Besides the general characteristics of news, broadcasting news has its own distinct features. This paper analyzes the English broadcasting news from the choice of the process types and the transitivity of the clause by using the transitivity theory for the purpose of discovering the distribution law of the process types of the English broadcasting news text and its genre characteristicsï ¼Å½ Introduction In the 1960s, Halliday, the Professor of linguistics, developed a systematic and comprehensive theory of language, called â€Å"Systemic-Functional Grammar (SFG)†, and published his book An Introduction to Functional Grammar in 1985 and 1994. Many scholars also published a number of books and papers on systemic grammar. The research of Systemic Functional Grammar began in 1970s and became popular in the late 1980s. In Hallidays book An Introduction to Functional Grammar, he says â€Å"the theory on which this description is based, systemic theory follows in the European functional tradition. It is largely based on Firths system-structure theory, but derives more abstract principles from Hjelmslev and owes many ideas to Prague School. The organizing concept is that of the â€Å"system†, which is used essentially in Firths sense of a functional Paradigm but developed into the formal construct of a ‘system network.† (Halliday, 2000:52) SFG has two components: systemic grammar and functional grammar. In Hu Zhuanglins book Linguistics. A course Book, he holds that â€Å"Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consists of subsystem from which language users make choices. Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.† (Hu Zhuanglin 2001:409) â€Å"In a functional grammar, on the other hand, the direction is reversed. A language is interpreted as a System of meanings can be realized.† Halliday(1985) â€Å"Functional Grammar aims to reveal that language is a mean of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.† Hu Zhuanglin(2001) The functions of language are the most important things in Functional Grammar. As the tool of human beings communication, language possesses many different kinds of functions. Halliday divided the functions of language into three types. They are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. In this paper, the emphasis is on ideational metafunction. The ideational metafunction is to organize the speaker or writers experience of the real or imaginary world. It includes experiential function and logical function. The meaning of experiential function is that language expresses peoples experiences in external world (things, events qualities, etc) and internal world (thoughts, beliefs, feelings, etc). What logical function refers to is that language expresses the logical relationship between two or more than two meaning units. Experiential function is chiefly embodied by transitivity and voice. â€Å"†¦ Parallel with its evolution in the function of mood, expressing the active, interpersonal aspect of meaning, the clause evolved simultaneously in another grammatical function expressing the reflective, experiential aspect of meaning. This later is the system of transitivity. Transitivity specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed.† (Halliday,1985) Transitivity is a semantic system. Its purpose is to divide something around people into several processes involving participants and circumstantial elements. Halliday contents that transitivity includes six processes: (a) Material process. (b) Mental process. (c) Relational process. (d) Behavioral process. (e) Verbal process. (f) Existential process. (a) Material Process: process of doing Material process is a process of doing. The process usually consists of verb, actor (logical subject) and goal (noun or pronoun). Material Processes express the notion that some entity ‘does something- which may be done ‘to some other entity (Halliday, 1985) For example, A fungus destroyed the coffee plant leaves Actor Process Goal (b) Mental Process: process of thinking Mental process is a process of thinking involving perception (see, look), reaction (like, fear) and cognition (knowing, believing, and understanding) and so on. Mental process has two participants: sensor and phenomenon. Sensor refers to the person who perceives and phenomenon is the something that is perceived by the sensor. Phenomenon includes concrete person or objects, abstract things, happened events and so on. For example, He saw the whole room. Sensor Process Phenomenon (c) Relational Process: process of being Relational process is a process of being. Actually, relational process is a very complex type of process, which covers the many different ways that ‘being is expressed (Eggins 1994). However, in this analysis, we only refer two simple types, they are attributive process and identifying process. In the attributive process, the participants are attribute and carrier. For example, Her face was a bloated spotty mask. Carrier Process Attribute In the identifying process, the participants are identified and identifier. This car is hers. Identified Process Identifier (d) Behavioral Process: process of behaving Behavioral process is a process of behaving, such as breathe, dream, smile, laugh, cry, and cough. The basic components of the process are â€Å"behaver† and â€Å"process†. This point is similar to the mental process, but different from the material process. Bloor and Bloor (1995) described behavioral process as the grey area between Material and Mental processes. She cried loudly. Behaver Process Circumstantial (e) Verbal Process: process of saying Verbal process is a process of saying. â€Å"Saying† has to be interpreted in a rather broad sense; it covers any kind of symbolic exchange of meaning. The verbal words are â€Å"tell, say, talk, describe, boast, praise†. The verbalization itself is called the verbiage. The informants told the police everything Sayer Process Receiver Verbiage (f) Existential Process: process of existing Existential process is a process of existing. In every existential process, it must have an â€Å"Existent†. â€Å"There† has no representational function. There are ten of us in the party. Process Existent Circumstance Generally speaking, most of the processes representing descriptive meaning are the relational, existential process and the mental processes. However, most of the processes representing narrative meaning are material processes. â€Å"Voice is the ways in which a language expresses the relationship between a verb and the noun phrases which are associated with it. Two sentences can differ in voice and yet have the same basic meaning. However, there may be a change in emphasis and one type of sentence may be more appropriate.† (Jack C.Richards, John Platt and Heidi Platt, 2000) It is represented commonly by active voice and passive voice. In order to make the structure of the text reasonable and the context consistent, speakers or writers need to do an appropriate choice to the voice. Approach to Analyze the Text According to Huang Guowen, SFG is more suitable for analyzing a text. The reasons for it lie below. First, SFG is a text grammar, which means this kind of grammar can describe how the use of language. In this way, the meaning of the text can be understood clearly. Second, in SFG, functions of language are divided into three metafunction. The description of the systemic network of the three metafunction is quite clear. Thus, the application of the framework of SFG to analyze a text can avoid evaluating at will. Choice of Text The text chosen for analysis is from BBC Broadcasting news on its website on Thursday, 2 July, 2009. This news report can be heard in the air and its transcription is on BBC website after the reporter made an interview with Alain Bouillard, of Frances BEA accident investigation agency. This news is written in English originally, so when I picked it up, I made no translation. Whats more, this piece of news is completely authentic in that it is not edited or used for the purpose of language teaching. Context of Situation Definition of context: It is immediate environment of language activity, which is time, place, talking content, the relation among people related to transfer communicational meanings. Halliday and Hasan (1985) divided context of situation into three parts: field, tenor and mode. (a) Field refers to what is being talked about, what is it that the participants are engaged in, in which the language s as some essential components. This chosen news report is talking about the result of investigation of the France air crash. Most of the contents are from an officer, in this way, the media wants to give the public an authoritative explanation of the investigation process. (b) Tenor refers to the people involved in the communication and the relationship between them. What kinds of role relationships obtain among the participants, including permanent and temporary relationships of one kind or another, both the types of speech role that they are taking on in the dialogue and the whole cluster of socially significant relationships in which they refer to. Here the participants are the news writers or editors and the listeners of the radio or visitors or ‘readers of the websites. (c) Mode refers to how the language is functioning in the interaction, e.g. whether it is written or spoken. As for the chosen news report, its main purpose is to read to the listeners. Therefore, the language usage is rather simple and oral, which is to reduce the burden of listeners. Text Air France jet broke on impact Brazilian military personnel retrieve part of the Air France plane from the Atlantic Ocean (08 June 2009) Search teams recovered 51 bodies from the crash area â‘  French investigators trying to find out why an Air France plane crashed in the Atlantic say they believe it broke up on contact with water, not in the air. â‘ ¡They also found that the planes speed sensors had been a factor but not the cause of the crash. â‘ ¢All 228 people on the plane were killed when it plunged into the ocean en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris on 1 June. â‘ £Teams looking for the planes flight data recorders will continue operations for another 10 days. â‘ ¤Alain Bouillard, of Frances BEA accident investigation agency, said the crash had been an extremely difficult one to understand. â‘ ¥Between the surface of the water and 35,000ft [10,700m], we dont know what happened, Mr Bouillard said. â‘ ¦In the absence of the flight recorders, it is extremely difficult to draw conclusions. Table 2 Type of Transitivity Material Mental Relational Verbal Behavioral Existential Total 3 0 1 3 0 0 Percentage 43% 0 14% 43% 0 0 In the news above, the most processes are verbal and material process, and with only one relational process and zero existential, behavior and mental process. Generally speaking, a certain text usually contains many different kinds of transitivity process, especially material process. Hu Zhuanglin contents that people living in a material world, ‘doormake is the primary and basis, only with this can human beings hold other physiological feature to proceed other process. In this piece of news, material process takes up 43%, which is quite high in total. According to Halliday, What experiential function is that language expresses peoples experiences in external world (things, events qualities, etc) and internal world (thoughts, beliefs, feelings, etc). News is the record of the fact, is the response to the fact. News without fact is not news, news without fact or truth cannot be good news. The theory of the news writing is objectively reporting and speaking with the fact. In this news, material process takes up such a high proportion, which is just right to obey the rules that news is due to truth or fact. However, one certain process occurs more frequently is one of the factors to form the feature of a text. Halliday classes the Process Material, Mental and Relational as major process and the others as minor. The verbal process that originally belongs to the less important process in this news takes up 43%, which is the highest of all. Verbal process is a process of saying; the saying is to exchange information. Broadcasting news as a tool of media has a responsibility to transmit information to the public. It is not difficult to find out that the transitivity process of this piece of news lays particular stress on verbal process. According to other statistics I find out in another 10 pieces of BBC news show that verbal process occurs quite high in broadcasting texts. In the total 172 sentences, there are 56 verbal process, occupying 32%, only a little lower than material process. In some certain broadcasting news (such as above), verbal process equals even overruns material process. To some extent, the distribution of transitivity of discourse has a regular discipline. Whats more, the discipline has something to do with the genre of the discourse. Now we will have a further study of the news above. There are seven sentences in the news, and they are divided into separated process, each sentence and its belonging process is in the tables below. â‘   Verbal Process French investigators trying to find out why an Air France plane crashed in the Atlantic say they believe it broke up on contact with water, not in the air Sayer Process Verbiage â‘ ¡Material process They also found that the planes speed sensors had been a factor but not the cause of the crash. Actor Process Goal â‘ ¢Material Process All 228 people on the plane were killed when it plunged into the ocean en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris on 1 June Goal Process Circumstance â‘ £ (Material Process) Teams looking for the planes flight data recorders will continue Operations for another 10 days Actor Process Goal Circumstance â‘ ¤ (Verbal Process) Alain Bouillard, of Frances BEA accident investigation agency said the crash had been an extremely difficult one to understand. Sayer Process Reported â‘ ¥ (Verbal Process) â€Å"Between the surface of the water and 35,000ft [10,700m], we dont know what happened† Mr. Bouillard Said Reported Sayer Process â‘ ¦ (Relational Process) In the absence of the flight recorders it Is extremely difficult to draw conclusions Circumstance Identified Process Identifier In the news above, there are four sentences involved in verbal process. The first one as a headline lays essential place in the whole passage. Headline is a conclusion and extract of the main event. In a news report, choosing the words from an authority that responsible for the investigation of the accident is absolutely the best choice. In fact, so did the writer do. Then, to report the process of the investigation, the writer chose to use material process in that Material Process is to narrate the real world. In the second and the forth Material Process sentences, the French investigators (referred to ‘They and ‘the team in the news) are main participants. They found, they continue operations, the using the investigators to be the main participants in the continuous two material process , on one hand can make sure of the continuity of the news report, on the other hand, this news report is mainly to report the situations and opinions from investigators. In this way, pu t the words from the investigators in an essential place can illustrate the most important content of the news in front of the listeners, which is the main responsibility of a successful news report. In the second material process, the writer chose the passive voice to emphasize the victims of this accident. In this material process, these 228 people on the plane had no hope to be survived. When listening to here, we have realized something about the result of the rescue activity. Then the Material Process is finished, and led to Verbal Process. In the following 2 Verbal Materials, the contents of the speech are all from Mr. Bouillard, who is from Frances BEA accident investigation agency. By his words, the writer told the readers that the reason for the airplane accident was still unsolved and it could be a difficult task to find out clearly. The writer chose to quote the words from the investigation agency is to make sure the reliability and the depth of the news report. Whats mor e, it also can tell readers the resource of the news report, which is from the authority. Mr Bouillard, he is an officer from BEA accident investigation agency, is the direct participant of the whole survey, in that way, he could hold one-hand results of the whole search. In most cases, when an accident happens or a research being preceded, a news reporter may not be involved directly or witness at spot. Most of the report resources are due to interview afterwards. If we can contact the direct participants or the direct researchers in a research such as in this case, it will make a more vivid atmosphere for listeners or readers, and adding the reliability as well. News reports usually get the aid from the participants, the witness of the event or the people from authorities to give a hint or proclaim the resource of the news. Nevertheless, we could also see that in a news report there exists report from a reporter, which in another way explains the reason why there are more verbal processes in a news report. We can have a further look of the verbal material 1,5,7. In these three verbal material, the writer chose say, said, said, all of which are variations from say. They are very simple and oral. This is because in a broadcasting news report, the main method is to make audience listen. Broadcasting should transmit the most information in a limited period of time, so that the words chosen from broadcasting news report should be simple and near to daily life, avoiding adding burden to listeners. In fact, in this broadcasting news report, the sentence structure used are quite simple, the words chosen are rather succinct, and without many complex clauses. When it comes to the tenses used in this news report, we can find out there are not any complex tenses, just simple past and simple in turn. In the whole news report, the material process states the main fact, and the verbal process proclaims the resource of the news, and to move forward to supply and illustrate the main event. In this news report, the material process and the verbal process occur in turn, and hold different duties each other. The structure of this news report makes it active and filled with variations. The words from the authority from different ways can explain the reason why they still cannot find out the reason for the airplane accident immediately. In a word, it is a successful news report to tell audience the process of the investigation of the air crush. Conclusion In this paper, Hallidays transitivity theory and the types of transitivity have been used to analyze a piece of news report from BBC. It is found that there is a distribution law of the process types in the English broadcasting news text; Verbal Process is one of the features that form the news text. It is also illustrated that broadcasting news has its own characteristics; such as the tendency to be oral, most of sentences are short, the roughly narration that can be easy to read aloud, etc. This analysis proves that the application of functional grammar in discourse analysis is practical and operable. By the transitivity theory to analysis a discourse, it can help to seize the essence and features of a text. In addition, it can also promote to understand the connotation of a discourse. Bibliography Bloor. T and M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Arnold Eggins, S. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday,M.K.A. 2000 An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Hu Zhuanglin 2001 Linguistics, A course Book Beijing: Beijing University Huang Guowen 2002 Discourse and Language Functions Beijing: FLTRP Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold